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CHARTER ^ BY-LAWS 



MflRYLfiNDflNSTITUTE 



PROMOTION OF THE MECHANIC ARTS, 



Organized January 12th., 1848; Incorporated at December 

Session, 1849, of the General Assembly of Maryland; 

Charter Extended January Session, 1878, 



6. 



Printed by James Young, 56 South Street. 



— «'KOR]VI OK BEQUBST'^— 



/ givE, devisE and bEquEath^ to thE Maryland InstitutE far 
thE PromntiDn nf ths MEchanic Hits {insEvt monsy or dss- 
cription of propErty.) 



BOARD OK IVTANAOERS. 



JOSEPH M. GUSHING, President. 

GEORGE R. SKILLMAN, .... - Vice President. 

JAMES YOUNG, - - Secretary. 

EDWARD W. ROBINSON, - - - - Treasurer. 

{Term Expires 1887.) 
ALEXANDER L. SPEAR, G. HARLAN WILLIAMS, 

WILLIAM H. PERKINS, ERNEST HOEN, 

JOSHUA LYNCH, M. A. NEWELL, 

HARRY WALTERS. 

{Term Expires 1888.) 

JOHN M. CARTER, JAMES PENTLAND, 

T. P. PERINE, SAMUEL R. W^AITE, 

CHARLES W. WASHBURN, FERDINAND C. LATROBE, 

DAVID L. BARTLETT. 

(Term Expires 1889.) 
JAMES H. BOND, GEORGE H. PAGELS, 

SAMUEL ECCLES, Jr., ROBERT K. MARTIN, 

JOHN L. LAWTON, SAMUEL W. REGESTER, 

WILLIAM H. SHRYOCK. 

GEORGE Tj. McCJiJIAy, 

Actuary mid Librarian^ 



STANLDING COXirvHTTEES, 
♦ 1886-87 



ON EXHIBITION. 
JOHN M. CARTER, Chairman, 
SAMJTEL R. WAITE, Secretary, 
GEORGE H. PAGELS, 
G. HARLAN WILLIAMS, 
ROBERT K. MARTIN, 
JOHN L. LAWTON, 
SAMUEL TV. REGESTER. 

ON SCHOOLS OF AET AND DESIGN. 
JAMES H. BOND, Chairman, 
JOHN ^[. CARTER, Secretary, 
JOHN L. LAWTON, 
WILLIAM H. PERKINS, 
ROBERT K. MARTIN, 
ERNEST HOEN, 
HARRY WALTERS. 

ON LECTURES. 
M. A. NEWELL, Chairman, 
C. W. WASHBURN, Secretary, 
WILLIAM H. PERKINS, 
G. HARLAN AYILLIAMS, 
SAMUEL ECCLES, Jr., 
GEORGE H. PAGELS, 
FERDINAND C. LATROBE. 

ON LIBRARY. 
G. HARLAN AYILLIAMS, Chairman, 
C. W. WASHBURN, Secretary, 
JOSHUA LYNCH, 
JAMES PENTLAND, 
FERDINAND C. LATROBE, 
DAVID L. BARTLETT, 
WILLIAM H. SHRYOCK, 



ON HALL. 
ALEXANDER L. SPEAR, Chairman, 
ROBERT K. MARTIN, Secretary, 
JAMES YOUNG, 
JOHN L. LAWTON, 
SAMUEL ECCLES, Jr., 
JAMES PENTLAND, 
SAMUEL W. REGESTER. 

ON COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT. 
T. P. FERINE, Chairman, 
JAMES YOUNG, Secretary, 
M. A. NEWELL, 
SAMUEL ECCLES, Jr., 
G. HARLAN WILLIAMS, 
GEORGE H. PAGELS, 
DAVID L. BARTLETT. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
JOSEPH M. GUSHING, Chairman, 
JOHN M. CARTER, Secretary, 
JAMES H. BOND, 
M. A. NEWELL, 
G. HARLAN WILLIAMS, 
ALEXANDER L. SPEAR, 
T. P. FERINE. 

ON NEW INVENTIONS. 
GEORGE H. PAGELS, Chairman, 
JOHN L. LAWTON, Secretary, 
EDWIN BENNETT, 
SAMUEL ECCLES, Jr., 
GEORGE L. McCAHAN, 
SAMUEL R. WAITE, 
ROBERT K. MARTIN. 



M ACT TO EXTEND THE CHARTER 

OF THE 

MARYLAND INSTITUTE 



FOR THE 



PROMOTION OF THE MECHANIC ARTS. 

PASSED 

January Session, 1878, Chapter 313. 



Section 1. £e it enacted hy the General Assembly of 
Maryland, That the Members of the Maryland Institute for 
the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, and those who shall 
hereafter become members, shall be, and are hereby incorpo- 
rated a Body Corporate by the name of the " Maryland Insti- 
tute for the promotion of the Mechanic Arts ;" and by that 
name shall have succession and be able to sue and be sued, 
plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, in any 
Court of Law or Equity ; to make, have and use a common 
seal, and the same to alter or renew at pleasure; to receive 
donations, gifts, grants, devises and bequests, or other convey- 
ances of money, goods, chattels, effects, lands, tenements and 
estates of any kind whatsoever ; and the same, as also all 
property now owned by said Institute, to hold, use, occupy 
and enjoy, lease, sell, mortgage, convey or otherwise encum- 
ber or dispose of as they may deem proper; and generally 
to do all such acts, matters and things as may be neces- 
sary to carry into effect the objects of said corporation ; 
provided always, that the property owned by said corpora- 
tion shall not exceed in value the sum of two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars. 

Sec. 2. And he it enacted. That the said corporation shall 
be composed of the present members thereof, and those Man- 



VI 

ufacturers, Mechanics, Artizans and persons friendly to the 
Mechanic Arts who shall hereafter become members in such 
manner and upon such terms as the constitution and by-laws 
of the corporation may require. 

Sec. 3. And he it enacted^ That the objects of said corpo- 
ration shall be the encouragement and promotion of manufac- 
tures and the mechanic and useful arts, by the establishment 
of schools and popular lectures upon the sciences connected 
with them, the formation of schools of art and design, provid- 
ing a library, reading-room and cabinet of minerals, models 
and mechanical apparatus ; holding exhibitions for articles of 
American manufacture, offering and awarding premiums for 
excellence in those branches of industry deemed worthy of 
encouragement ; examining and reporting upon such new in- 
ventions as may be submitted for the purpose, and by such 
other means for the promotion of the Mechanic Arts as expe- 
rience may suggest. 

Sec. 4. And he it enacted^ That the affairs of said corpora- 
tion shall be managed and conducted by a President, Vice- 
President, Secretary, Treasurer, and twenty-one Managers, 
comprising a Board of Managers, to be elected as follows : At 
the iirst annual meeting of the Institute held after this act 
shall go into effect, the members of the Institute shall elect, by 
ballot, from their own number, a President, Yice- President, 
Secretary, Treasurer, and seven Managers to serve for one 
year, seven Managers to serve for two years, and seven Man- 
agers to serve for three years, said Managers to determine by 
drawing lots- their respective terms; and at every subsequent 
annual meeting there shall be elected, in the same manner, a 
President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, to serve 
for one year, and seven Managers, to serve for three years ; 
provided, always, that two-thirds of the Board shall be prac- 
tical mechanics or manufacturers. 

Sec. 5. And he it enacted^ That the duties and rights of 
the members of said corporation, the powers and functions of 
its officers, the mode of supplying vacancies in office, the time 
of meeting of the corporation and of the Board of Managers, 
the number to constitute a quorum at any such meeting, the 



VII 

mode of electing members, the terms of their admission, sus- 
pension or expulsion, shall be regulated by the Constitution 
and By-Laws of the Institute now existing or hereafter to be 
made, which the said corporation is hereby empowered to 
make and alter in the manner therein mentioned ; provided 
that the said Constitution and By-Laws shall not be repugnant 
to the Constitution and Laws of the United States or of the 
State of Maryland. 

Sec. 6. And he it enacted^ That said Institute shall be au- 
thorized and empowered to graduate students in its various 
schools, and to grant diplomas to such as, after proper exami- 
nation, may be found worthy of the distinction. 

Sec. 7. And he it enacted^ That the Treasurer of the State 
of Maryland be and he is hereby directed to pay annually to 
the President of the Institute, in the month of April, the sum 
of three thousand dollars, which shall be used in behalf of its 
various schools of learning and educational departments, and 
shall not be diverted therefrom for any purpose whatever. 

Sec. 8. And he it enacted^ That the President of the Insti- 
tute shall annually, in the month of September, make a de- 
tailed report of the operations of the Schools of Art and De- 
sign and other educational departments to the Governor of 
the State of Maryland. 

Sec. 9. And he it enacted, That said corporation shall not 
issue any note, token or scrip to circulate as currency. 

Sec. 10. A7id he it enacted, That this act shall take effect 
from the date of its passage. 



VIII 



B-^-L^S^-^T^S. 



Article I — Membership. 

Section 1. The membership of the Institute shall consist of 
Life Members, male and female; Senior Members, male per- 
sons above the a^e of twenty-one years ; Junior Members, 
male persons under twenty-one years of age; Lady Mem- 
bers ; and Honorary or Corresponding Members, persons of 
distinguished reputation in connection with the objects of the 
Institute, or such as may have rendered it important service. 

Sec 2. Male persons may become life members of the Insti- 
tute by the payment of twenty-five dollars ; females by the 
payment of ten dollars. 

Sec. 8. Senior, Junior and Lady Members shall pay an an- 
nual subscription of three dollars. 

Sec 4 The annual subscriptions shall be due and payable 
in advance on the first day of September in each and every 
year, and, upon payment, members shall receive a certificate 
of membership for the fiscal year, signed by the President and 
Secretary. 

Sec 5. Honorary Members may be elected by the Board of 
Managers, at their stated meetings, by a vote of two-thirds of 

those present. 

Article II — Meetings. 

Section 1. Stated meetings of the Institute shall be held 
on the third and fourth Wednesdays in April, at eight o'clock 
P.M. 

Sec. 2. Special meetings shall be called by the President, 
on application of the Board of Managers, or at the written 
request of twelve members. 

Sec 3. At the first stated meeting in April the Annual 
Report of the Board of Managers shall be read and con- 
sidered. 



Sec. 4. The annual election of officers shall be held on the 
fourth Wednesday in April. 

Sec. 5. In default of an election at the annual meeting, the 
existing officers shall continue in office until others are properly 
elected. 

Article III — Quorum. 

Section 1. For the transaction of the ordinary business of 
the Institute, fifteen members shall constitute a quorum. 

Sec. 2. All business shall be considered ordinary except a 
proposition to dissolve the Institute, which shall be considered 
extraordinary, and shall require a majority of all the voting 
members to constitute a quorum for its consideration. 

Sec. 3. At least three months previous notice shall be re- 
quired for the consideration of extraordinary business. 

Article IY — Elections. 

Section 1. l^ominations of officers and managers shall be 
made at the stated meeting on the third Wednesday in April, 
but additional nominations may be made upon the night of 
the annual election, by unanimous consent. No election shall 
be valid unless the party shall have been duly nominated as 
herein provided. 

Sec. 2. In all elections a majority of the whole number of 
votes cast shall be necessary for a choice ; and after each bal- 
lot succeeding the third the lowest candidate shall be dropped. 

Sec. 3. Only adult male members shall be entitled to vote. 

Sec. 4. The Board of Managers shall have power to fill all 
vacancies. 

Article Y — Board of Managers and their Duties. 

ELECTION OF COMMITTEES, ETC. 

The Board shall, immediately after their election, elect by 
ballot from their own body the following Standing Commit- 
tees, viz.: Committee on Exhibition, Schools of Art and 
Design, Lectures, Library, Hall and Commercial Department, 
to consist of seven each ; and there shall be an Executive 
Committee to consist of the Chairmen of these six committees 



and the President of the Institute, and a Committee on New 
Inventions to consist of seven members of the Institute. 

ELECTION OF ACTUARY, ETC. 

Sec. 2. The Board shall annually elect, from among the 
members of the Institute, an Actuary (who shall also act as 
Librarian), Professors of the different Educational Depart- 
ments, Janitor, and such other officers as the necessities of the 
Institute may require; and shall remove any of these officers 
for incompetency, unfaithfulness or other just cause. 

GENERAL POWERS. 

Sec. 3.— 
I. The Board shall have charge of all matters of finance, 
and the various concerns of the Institute provided for 
in the Charter and By-Laws, reporting the same at the 
first stated meeting of the Institute in April. 
II. They shall keep regular minutes of their proceedings in 
a book prepared for that purpose. 

III. They shall hold stated meetings on the first Monday in 

each month, at 7i o'clock P. M. from November to 
April, inclusive, and at 8 o'clock P. M. during the re- 
mainder of the year. 

IV. They shall enact such rules and regulations for their own 

government as they may deem requisite. 
V. Nine of their number shall constitute a quorum at any 
stated meeting, but at any special meeting thirteen 
members shall be necessary. 

Article YI — Duties of the Officers. 

PRESIDENT. 

Section 1. The President shall preside at all meetings of 
the Institute and of the Board of Managers; enforce a due 
observance of the Charter and By-Laws; see that all officers 
and committees perform their respective duties ; appoint all 
committees and officers not otherwise provided for ; inspect 
and announce the results of all balloting or other votes, and 



XI 

direct the Secretary to call special nieetiugs when application 
is made in accordance with the By-Laws, and perform all 
other duties properly devolving upon a presiding officer. 

In the absence of the President the Yice-Fresident shall 
preside, and in the absence of both a President jpro tempore 
shall be chosen, who shall be invested with all the powers of 
the President. 

SECRETARY. 

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall keep a fair and impartial record 
of the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute and of 
the Board of Managers, and shall give public notice of the 
stated and special meetings of the Institute. All books under 
his charge shall be subject to the examination of the members 
of the Institute. He shall conduct such correspondence as 
may tend to advance the interests of the Institute, under the 
direction of the Board of Managers, and keep a record thereof, 
which record shall be open for the examination af the members 
of the Board. He shall acknowledge the reception of all do- 
nations to the library, cabinet, &c., and shall notify honorary 
or corresponding members of their election. 

TREASURER. 

Sec. 3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys of the Insti- 
tute, and safely keep the same in such place and manner as 
the Board of Managers may direct, and shall make no pay- 
ments without written vouchers, attested by the Executive 
Committee; he shall keep full and accurate accounts of his 
receipts and disbursements, and exhibit a true statement 
thereof in writing'to the Board of Managers at all their stated 
meetings, and at such other times as they may require. 

Article Yll — Duties of the Standing Committees. 

REPORT TO BOARD. 

Section 1. AH standing committees shall report to the 
Board of Managers monthly, and in writing, during the en- 
tire period of the progress and execution of their arrange- 
ments, and shall submit a full and general report at the close 



XII 

of their duties ; and shall be prepared at all times to fur- 
nish every detail connected with the respective branches 
of operations thev may have in charge. 

All orders, regulations, appointments, or contracts made by 
any of the Standing Committees shall be submitted to the 
Board of Managers at their first meeting thereafter ; and 
such orders, regulations, appointments, or contracts may be 
approved, rejected, or modified by the Board at their dis- 
cretion. 

COMillTTEE ox EXHIBITION. 

Sec. 2. This committee shall make all the arrangements 
for holding Exhibitions of American manufactures at such 
time as the Board may designate. They shall have power to 
make all necessary contracts and disbursements to carry out 
fully the object of the Institute in holding the Exhibition, 
subject to the provisions of the preceding section. They 
shall have prepared such gold, silver and bronze medals, di- 
plomas or other awards as the Board may direct, as premiums 
for the first, second and third-class American productions of 
superior merit, to be determined by competent and impartial 
judges, who shall be appointed by the Board of Managers, 
as soon after the opening of the Exhibition as possible. 

COMMITTEE ON NEW INVENTIONS. 

Sec. 3. This committee shall take charge of all special ap- 
plications to the Institute and Board of Managers for the 
trial, examination or investigation of any new invention, im- 
provement, or any scientific or mechanical discovery. They 
shall proceed at once, after such application has been referred 
to them, to make a full investigation of the subject, or appoint 
other and suitable skillful persons to make such investigation 
or examination, as may be necessary in order to arrive at a 
fall and explicit conclusion as to the merits of the case, which 
examination shall be made under their supervision, and the 
results of which in every instance shall be made known to the 
Board in a written and detailed report signed by themselves 
and the parties called in by them, which reports must set forth 



XIII 



l^riefly the reasons that influenced their determination, and 
recommend such action in the premises by the Board, in the 
form of resolutions, as they may deem proper. 

No inventor or other person interested in the issue of an 
investigation shall be present while it is under the committee's 
consideration, except at their special invitation, and in cases 
where they may be rivalry all parties interested shall have 
the same privileges. 

COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS OF DESIGN. 

Sec. 4. This committee shall make the necessary arrange- 
ments for opening the schools not later than the third week 
in November, and keep them open at least four months. 
They shall employ competent teachers to take charge of the 
schools, establish rules and regulations for their government, 
and have the entire control thereof They shall be person- 
ally present as much as possible during the sessions, see that 
the rules and regulations are observed and enforced, and afi*ard 
such aid to the officers of the school as may be required. 

COMMITTEE ON LECTURES. 

Sec. 5. This committee shall make arrangements for and 
conduct a course of lectures annually before the membership. 

COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY 

Sec. 6. This committee shall purchase all suitable books, 
maps, &c., to the extent of the funds appropriated. They 
shall see that the Librarian performs the duties required of 
him. They shall make such rules and regulations for the 
government of the library as they may deem expedient and 
proper. They shall see, from time to time, what books are 
out of order, or require rebinding, and have the same put 
in order. 

COMMITTEE ON COxMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 7. This committee shall arrange for the opening of a 
Book-keeping and Writing School, to commence not later than 
the third week in November, and continue in operation at 



XIV 

least four months. They shall establish rules and regulations 
for its government, and exercise a general supervision over its 
affairs. 

COMMITTEE ON THE HALL. 

Sec. 8. This committee shall take charge of the Institute 
Building and adopt the necessary means for keeping it in 
repair. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

Sec. 9. The Executive Committee shall elect their own 
chairman ; they shall meet at such times as they may from 
time to time designate, not, however, less than once in each 
month ; they shall exercise a general supervision over the 
financial affairs of the Institute, see that the books and ac- 
counts are properly kept, and make a thorough examination 
of the same at least twice in each year ; they shall attest all 
bills and sign all orders of any kind on the Treasurer ; 
they shall keep a record of their proceedings, along with a 
list of all contracts, orders, or bills passed or attested by tliem^ 
and present the same to every regular meeting of the Board. 

MEETINGS OF COMMITTEES. 

Sec. 10. The Committee on Exhibition shall meet at least 
once a week during the continuance of the Exhibition, and 
they and all other committees shall meet at least once a month 
during the entire period of the progress and execution of their 
arrangements. 

CHAIEMEN TO CALL MEETINGS. 

Sec. 11. The Chairmen shall call meetings of their respec- 
tive committees in accordance with the last preceding sec- 
tion, and upon failure for three months to do so, the Board 
shall declare their offices vacant, and proceed to fill the vacan- 
cies. 

Article YIII — Duties of the Actuary. 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Actuary to attend at 
and take charge of the Hall of the Institute, see that it is kept 
in proper and comfortable order, and opened and closed at 
such hours as the Board of Managers or Executive Committee 



XT 

may direct. He shall have charge of the books of the Insti- 
tute, and, under the direction of the Board or the Executive 
Committee, keep them in such macner as will at all times 
show the exact state of the Institute's affairs, and make 
monthly reports of the same to the Board of Managers. He 
shall keep a correct record of all the members, alphabetically 
arranged ; receive and credit each with the amount of dues 
annually paid, and issue the annual tickets. He shall pay 
over to the Treasurer from time to time, as the Board of 
Managers may direct, all moneys by him received. He shall 
also notify all committees of their appointment, and furnish 
the chairman of each with so much of the proceedings as re- 
lates to the object for which it was appointed. He shall also, 
when called upon by any of the committees, confer with them, 
and render them information and assistance, and perform all 
other duties that may be required of him by the Institute, 
the Board of Managers or Executive Committee. 

Sec. 2. He shall give bond in the sum of two thousand 
dollars for the faithful performance of his duties, with two or 
more sureties, to be approved by the Board. 

Article IX — Rules of Order. 

Eules of Order for the government of the Institute may be 
made or amended at any stated or special meeting, provided 
two-thirds of those present concur therein. 

Article X — Amendments to By-Laws. 

To alter or amend these By-Laws notice of the proposed 
amendment shall be given at any stated meeting of the In- 
stitute, but it shall not be acted upon until the next or a 
subsequent meeting. Provided that a special meeting of the 
Institute may be called for this purpose, of which, at least, 
three days' public notice shall be given, and the call shall 
specify the alteration proposed. 



FOR THE 

PR0M0TI0N 0P THE PREeHANIC 6RTS. 



-3-+-^ 



«iREPOETSI> 



BOARD OF MANA«ERS 



AND THE 



IP IR I osr c I :p^=^ n. 



ScHooivS OK Art and Dksion. 






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FORM OF BEQUESTS 



I give, devise and bequeatlito the MARYLAND INSTITUTE 
for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts (insert money or de- 
scription of property.) 



^7^ 

.^. 



p)^^'" 



THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT, 



Baltimore, April 21, 1886. 
To the Members of the Maryland Institute : 

The Managers of the Institute herewith submit their thirty- 
eighth annual report. 

Since the last report the work of the Institute has been 
concentrated on the Night and Day Schools of Art and Design, 
on the Commercial School, on the Library and the care of 
the Hall. These have taxed our resources to the utmost, and 
have required more means than have so far been at our dis- 
posal. The other schools, lectures and exhibitions which 
were originally carried on by the Institute are now better 
managed by other agencies, and the board has wisely con lined 
its action to those objects, in the conduct of which, the Insti- 
tute can accomplish the best results and be of most benefit 
to our city, state and nation. The Night and Day Schools 
of Art and Design have well maintained their high reputation, 
and show in the work of their pupils average results not ex- 
ceeded by any similar schools in the United States. The 
night school had this year 382 pupils, a slight increase on 
the number of last year, divided as follows: 

Free Hand Division 150 

Mechanical " - 118 

Arcliitectural " 1 14 

The Night School opened October 12th and closed March 
19th, having been in session sixty-four nights. The atten- 
dance of the pupils throughout the session was very full and 
regular. Their behaviour and interest in their work all that 
could be desired,, and their drawings reflect credit on them- 
selves and their instructors. 



The number of graduates will probably be twenty. 

Free Hand Division 4 

Mechanical " 11 

Architectural " 5 

The teachers in the schools during the year were : 

Otto Fuchs, - - - - - - Principal. 

W. S. Robinson, . . . . . Head Assistant. 

George B. Way, - - \ 

H. D. A. Henning, - - I Assistants Free Hand Division. 

J. W. Stowell, - - - J 

George Beadenkopf, - ") ^ ,, ^. , 

Hfnry An > Assistants Mechanical Dimsion. 

A. B. McLaughlin, - - ] 

W r KFTMir I ^^*^'^^^^^^ Architectural Division. 



The Day School of Art and Design opened October 1, and 
will close May 29. It has had this year 244 pupils, a slight 
decrease from the number of last year, and divided as follows : 

Regular Students,... 62 

Special " 90 

Saturday " 92 

The pupils in the day school have attended with commend- 
able regularity, and exhibit great earnestness in their work, 
which promises to show an advance on the very good work of 
last year. 

The teachers in the school are : 



Otto Fuchs, 
Wm. S. Robinson, 
Miss A. C. Palmer, - 
Mrs. Inez R. Keller, 
Miss E. B. Murray, - 
Miss Matilda Schaefer, 
Miss Mary G. Gover, 
Miss Affa Gray, 



PrincijMl. 
Head Assistant. 
Assistant. 



The Managers have to regret losing from the school Mr. S. 
Herbert Adams, who went abroad to pursue his art studies, 
and Misses Emma J. Gay and M. Medora Adams, who were 



obliged to return to their homes. The schools have not suf- 
fered however, as through the exertions of Prof. Fuchs we were 
able to procure the services of Mr. Wm. S. Robinson and Miss 
A. C. Palmer, who have most efficiently aided Prof. Fuchs 
in keeping the schools abreast of the best. Great praise is due 
to all the teachers in the schools, day and night, for their 
efficiency, urbanity and earnestness. 

The Commercial Scliool was opened by Mr. John Core, as 
Principal, on October 1, and was in session every Tuesday 
and Thursday evening for six months Thirty-four students 
attended, being within one of the number of last year. The 
pupils were regular in attendance and correct in deportment, 
but owing to great want of preliminary training did not pro- 
gress as favorably as we could have wished. There will be five 
graduates this year. Mr. Core deserves great praise for his 
earnest endeavors and active interest in his work in the 
school. 

The Library now contains 20,4.49 vols., of which 136 were 
added this year. The pupils of the schools and the members 
of the Institute frequented the Library and made good use of 
both books and periodicals ; but it is a matter of regret that 
we cannot affi)rd to spend a sufficient sum to procure some 
essential works, of art and some of the more modern works 
in the various departments of science, industry and general 
literature. 

The Committee on the Hall have kept a careful supervision 
over its repair, and have done their best with the very limited 
means at their command. They have secured from the 
Mayor and City Council an appropriation to paint the exterior 
of the Institute Building, and have the assurance of Mr. 
Oster, the Inspector of Buildings, who takes great interest in 
the Institute, that the work shall be well and tastefully done. 

The board wishes to congratulate the members anew on 
the great improvement in the administration of the afi'airs of 
the Institute since the appointment of Mr. Geo. L. McCahan 
as Actuary. 

The board this year presents in its summary of receipts 
and expenditures the actual expenses of the fiscal year in- 



6 

stead of only to April 1st, as has been usual. The receipts 
of the Institute did not pay its expenses last year by about 
$4,C00, and the deficiency this year will be about the same. 
The expenses cannot be reduced without very seriously, if not 
fatally, impairing the usefulness and exellence of the work of 
the schools. Last year we raised the amount needed by sub- 
scriptions from individuals, and we must again look to out- 
side munificence to tide us over this year. 

The state and city still continue their appropriations, and 
the Messrs. and Miss Garrett kindly gave us $500 00 for the 
purchase of much needed studies and models for the Schools 
of Art and Design. 

The total receipts of the Institute from September 1, 1885, 
to August 31, 1886, $12,125.13. 

Total expenditures from September 1, 1885, to August 31, 
1886, $16,475.13. 

The board is happy to report that it has, in all probability, 
secured the services of Prof. Otto Fuchs, Mr. Wm. S. Kobin- 
son and Miss A. C. Palmer, for the coming year. 
Respectfully submitted, 

JOS M. GUSHING, 

President. 



REPORT OF Prof. FUCHS. 



Baltimoke, June 1st, 1886. 
To the Chairman and Committee 

on Schools of Art and Design 

of the Maryland Institute. 

Gentlemen : I have the honor of presenting to jou this 
evening my third annual report upon the condition of the 
Maryland Institute Schools of Art and Design; and, as this 
marks the conclusion of my term of engagement, I feel not 
unlike the master of a ship upon his return to the home port 
after a long cruise, when the condition of his craft shall re- 
ceive a searching examination, his accounts adjusted and bal- 
ance drawn, to show whether he has made a gain or loss for 
those who entrusted their property to his care. You have, 
therefore, to pass judgment upon the condition of the schools 
to-day and decide whether the character of the work of stu- 
dents in the different departments of both Day and Evening 
classes, which is spread for your inspection upon the screens 
in the Exhibition Hall at the Institute, meets your approval, 
and whether the progress made by our pupils in the Art 
classes during the three years passed has satisfied your expec- 
tations ; also whether the training given to those in the vari- 
ous branches of the Evening Industrial Drawing Schools is 
suited to the needs and requirements in its practical adapta- 
tion to the industries of this community. 

In planning the courses of instruction for the several 
branches, I have endeavored to make the most of the means 
and facilities which were placed at my command, holding 
steadily to the one purpose, that is to enhance the efficiency 
of the school by making the courses of study thorough from 
the beginning, and succeed by gradual stages to tlie highest 
point of proficiency. It gives me- great pleasure to state that the 
interest with which the students in all the classes pursue their 
studies is steadily increasing, many remaining daily long after 
school hours to practice, and, in addition, supplement their 



8 

school studies by working industriously at home. It is most 
gratifying to notice that the craving once so prevalent to plunge 
right into painting without any preparation, and the premature 
ambition to decorate, with the help of the teacher, some little 
fancy article for amusement or pastime, has almost entirely 
disappeared and given place to legitimate study and a willing- 
ness to submit to the necessary training by which the eye is 
taught to see, the mind to conceive, and, by patient practice, 
the hand enabled to execute intelligently original work with 
nature's objects for a model. 

The regular graded class system which was introduced into 
the Institute Schools three years ago has had a fair trial, is 
now in a proper state of development, and the results submit- 
ted to you and the people of Baltimore who are interested in 
art education to decide whether it has or not proven a success. 

In order to make this systein complete and effective it was 
necessary to require proper discipline in the school, regularity 
and promptness in attendance, and the requisite qualification 
for promotion from one grade to another. At first there ap- 
peared to be some objection to these regulations, especially 
that of completing the work belonging to one class and pass- 
ing examinations before advancing to the next, and a certain 
number who were thus deficient failed to return; the los& 
thereby occasioned to the Institute, however, is but a slight 
pecuniary one, and should not be regretted on account of the 
great gain which has resulted in the more thorough organiza- 
ion of the schools and the increased benefits to those wha 
come there for the purpose of study and improvement. 

In the Day School the number of regular students has risen 
from forty-nine the first year to fifty-one the second and sixty- 
two the present, while the special classes are continued as be- 
fore, and a number of the special students pursue the same 
course as the regulars from choice, although not registered as 
such. 

A change was made this year in the arrangement of classes 
by which the full course in the Day School extends over a pe- 
riod of four years instead of three, enabling students to devote 
themselves with more thoroughness to the several advanced 
studies ; if any, however, are strong enough, and can do full 



9 

justice to all subjects in three years, they may finish in that 
time if they so elect. 

I think it will be noticed by those who visited the exhibi- 
tions last year and year before, that the general character of 
the work executed by students this year, especially that in oil, 
is ahead of both preceding years. This is, in fact, the first 
complete exhibition of the work of students who have gone 
through the entire course from the beginning, and it should 
be mentioned here also, that, with very few exceptions, the 
works exhibited are the first eiforts in drawing or painting a 
finished picture or modeling of figure, head and ornament, 
and show what the practice in each stage has led up to. 
Every picture or cast in each class of work represents a dif- 
ferent student, and every graduate has completed the entire 
set of works prescribed in each grade and passed examinations 
,in them all. 

It gives me great pleasure to state that in the engagement 
of Mr. William S. Robinson and Miss Adelaide C. Palmer 
the school has gained two thoroughly efficient teachers ; both 
are artists of high merit, and have well earned the popularity 
and esteem in which they are held by the students in their 
classes. The graduates of last year who assisted during the 
present, teaching in the several classes, have done good service 
to the school, and, by the experience thus gained, qualified 
themselves to teach drawing and painting in public or private 
schools and seminaries. 

The attendance in the Day School this year has been as 
follows, viz. : 

Regular students in Class A 35 

B 11 

C 7 

Cand D 9 

Total 62 

Number of graduates in the Day School 8 

Special students in art classes 81 

" " instrumental drawing 9 

" " Saturday classes 92 

Total 182 

Total in all departments of the Day School 244 



10 



MIGHT SCHOOLS. 



The Evening Drawing Classes are now in such a condition 
that I can say, with confidence, there are none better organ- 
ized and equipped or more efficient in this country ; the work 
and instruction in all three divisions is brought down to a 
thorough practical basis, the interest of the pupils increasing 
as they progress in their work and begin to realize the great 
value the studies which they pursue are to them in their vari- 
ous occupations. 

It was very gratifying to hear the favorable comments made 
by the professional gentlemen who were invited to examine 
and judge the work of the graduates, both as to the quality 
and amount executed in the short time the schools were in 
session. I congratulate heartily the young gentlemen who 
receive their diplomas this evening upon the excellence of 
their work and the faithfulness with which they have attended 
to their studies, and feel confident that wherever they may be 
called to apply the skill and knowledge they have gained, 
they will do honor to themselves and credit to the Maryland 
Institute. I deem it eminently proper, also, here to point to 
the fact that, although the Maryland Institute has borne an 
honorable reputation for its beneficent influence in the devel- 
opment of the Arts and Industries in Baltimore for many 
years, and its name is as well known as is the City Hall, yet 
a large number of citizens are wholly unacquainted with the 
moral and material good its schools are doing for the youth of 
this community. I hope, therefore, that all who feel an in- 
terest in the welfare and prosperity of our rising generation 
will not fail to pay a visit to the exhibition, which is open to 
the public on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday of this week. 
It is especially desirable that parents take their children ; they 
will not only find the exhibition interesting, but instructive 
and beneficial, as undoubtedly many youths may be impressed 
with the fact that there is something higher and nobler to en- 
gage their minds than to yield to the evil and demoralizing 
influences which lure many who have nothing to occupy their 
time evenings to seek entertainment in frivolous and ques- 



11 

tionable places of amusement. Among the students who at- 
tended the Free Hand Division this term were several ladies, 
some of whom are teachers in the public schools. This is a 
new departure in the evening classes^ and I trust we may have 
the pleasure of welcoming many more the coming season. I 
can give those who desire to attend the positive assurance 
that they need not have the slightest apprehension of meeting 
anything objectionable in or about the Institute ; though we 
had some four hundred students last year, not one single case 
of breach of order or decorum was reported. 

The course of instruction in the Free Hand and Mechani- 
cal Divisions is substantially the same as it was last year — the 
system of drawing all things from objects is strictly adhered 
to. The advanced work in free hand is drawing of ornaments, 
still life and heads from the antique in charcoal, also design- 
ing of various objects. In the Mechanical Class it is regular 
draftsman's work in machine drawing, the subject being a steam 
engine, of which a complete set of detail drawings, together 
with the general plan in two views, is made by actual meas- 
urement from a model. In order to prepare these drawings, 
every student must have handled every piece belonging to the 
engine, made two or three free hand sketches of each piece, 
and measured all dimensions, and by this method become 
thoroughly familiar with the construction and proportions of 
the engine. 

In the Architectural Class every graduate must furnish a 
complete set of working drawings of a house, including plans, 
elevations and sections, drawn accurately to scale from a de- 
sign which is furnished them in the form of a small 
perspective view. This method of rendering a set of build- 
ipg drawings corresponds precisely with the mechanical course 
by taking the students through the entire construction and 
planning of a house. I do not think that a more thoroughly 
educational and practical, as well as interesting method of 
drawing, could bo devised. The attendance has been very 
regular throughout the term, and it gives me great pleasure 
to state that the teachers are all perfectly in accord with the 



12 

system of instruction, and have performed their duties with 
commendable zeal and ability. 

The attendance in the several divisions of the Night Schools 
was as follows, viz. : 

No. of Pupils. Xo. of Teachers. No. of Graduates. 

Free Hand 150 4 4 

Mechanical 118 3 10 

Architectural 114 2 5 

Total 382 9 19 

In conclusion I wish to say a word to the graduates. The 
diplomas which will be handed you this evening are not com- 
plimentary testimonials given you for having attended the 
Schools of Art and Design, but a certificate of qualification 
and proficie'ncy, which you have rightfully earned through 
close and zealous attention to your studies ; but to those who 
wish to devote themselves to the profession of artists or drafts- 
men, I must say further, that what you have accomplished so 
far is but students' work, executed under the guidance of your 
instructors. Experience will teach you, as it. has many others 
in all professions, that there is no royal road to success or dis- 
tinction. You have been sufficiently initiated into the mys- 
teries of art to know that you have yet much to learn, and 
you must forge your way with sincere devotion and enthusi- 
asm and never-ending zeal if you wish to attain ultimately to 
that degree of proficiency which is necessary to entitle you to 
the noble rank of true artists and accomplished draftsmen. 
It can hardly be doubted that, with proper aid and encour- 
agement from the community, those who are now devoting 
their time and energy to the study of art in this city, will ex- 
ercise a strong influence in awakening a more thorough appre- 
ciation of the great need in Baltimore of a public art gallery 
and academy, which would not only be one of the brightest 
ornaments of the city, but aflbrd an opportunity for art stu- 
dents who have not the means to go elsewhere, to complete 
their studies here. Baltimore is well and honorably repre- 
sented by a number of talented sons who have distinguished 
themselves as artists. Their names are mentioned with pride 



13 

by every native Baltimorean, and I trust the day may not be 
far distant when these bright stars can point back with equal 
pride to their native city, having dedicated to its citizens, 
students and guests a temple of art, as it already has a temple 
of science and of literature. 

With sincere thanks to the gentlemen of the Committee on 
Schools of Art and Design and the Board of Managers for 
their cordial and generous support, and great sacrifice of valu- 
able time in the interest of the Maryland Institute, by and 
through which alone it was possible to accomplish what has 
been done, I am, with great respect, faithfully, 

OTTO FUCHS, 

Principal. 



ADDRE^SS 



His Honor Mayor HODGES, 



DELIVERED AT THE 



ANNUAL COMMENCNMFNT 



SCHOOLS OF ART AHD DESIGH 



MARYLAND INSTITUTE, 



JuuE 1st, IBBB. 



17 



^S^ ID ^ IS E S S. 



Me. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I would be un- 
true to the emotions and obligations of good citizenship if I 
did not feel and acknowledge appreciation of the presence of 
this large and intelligent audience. This numerous throng is 
so much larger and more notable in every way than any 
which has heretofore assembled to witness the commencement 
exercises of the Schools of Art and Design of the Maryland 
Institute, that we may reasonably infer from it that the peo- 
ple of Baltimore are becoming more and more interested in 
the development of artistic talent in this community. This 
must be exceedingly gratifying to the officers of the Institute, 
as it assuredly is to the friends and promoters of that branch 
of education in our midst. With such evidence of public 
interest and approval as this vast attendance affords, I feel 
that 1 am justified in declaring that a new impulse has been 
given to art education in Baltimore. And in this connection 
it may not be inappropriate to say that the interest in the 
occasion has been heightened and brightened by the effective 
stage setting, which some clever organizing genius has given 
to this part of the house, sustained, as it is, in the background, 
by the presence of distinguished citizens, representing the 
scholarship, benevolence, commerce, mechanics, wealth, offici- 
ality and general respectability of the people of this commu- 
nity. In the foreground I see a wealth of flowers in every 
possible color and form, from the conservatories of the city,, 
being the fragrant offerings of love and friendship to the 
rising genius of this graduating sisterhood sitting in a line on 
my left. And in this line I see a delightful stem of white 
rosebuds from the conservatory of the Maryland Institute, 
challenging the admiration of all; and I am authorized by 
the President to present it to this appreciative audience as a 



souvenir of this pleasant occasion, with his sincere regret that 
the buds are not sufficiently numerous to provide a houtonnet 
for every young gentleman in the house. And in turning to 
the right I see another gratifying sight — a graduating broth- 
erhood, ambitious of distinction in architecture, commerce 
and art. I do not know the respective merits of these young 
candidates for diplomas and employment; but as they filed 
past me to their seats on the stage, I was favorably impressed 
with the intellectual expression of their faces, and I think 
that I am justified in predicting for them a successful career. 
They are doubtless entitled to the best wishes of all their 
friends for a prosperous voyage through life in whatever pro- 
fession or vocation they may engage, and I accord them mine 
with much pleasure. But, Mr. President, I am here this even- 
ing, as you know, in compliance with a promise to deliver an 
address on the subject of art, and I will not tax the patience 
of this audience by prolonging this preface, excited solely by 
the tout ensemhle of the occasion, but will proceed at once to 
redeem my obligation. 

Wh'ile considering how I should make the few remarks 
which you expect me to address to you this evening, and make 
them worthy of your attention, it occurred to me that I should 
do well to glance over several of the addresses made at pre- 
vious recurrences of this anniversary. N'ot only did I wish 
to avoid going over ground which had already been traversed, 
and thereby weary you with a twice-told tale ; but also, know- 
ing as I do, the varied and eminent gifts of those who have 
heretofore addressed you, I feared my plain words would seem 
too unimpressive after their glowing periods, to efiect more 
than a faint imprint on your memory. 

For it has been the good fortune of the Maryland Institute, 
from its very foundation, to have enlisted the warm sympa- 
thies, and to have received the zealous support, of not only 
the most public-spirited, but the most gifted of our fellow 
citizens. Some of the gentlemen have been never weary of 
planning to make its work more efficient, to enlist public 
favor in its behalf, to extend the scope of its usefulness ; and 
when the revolving year brought back the time for rendering 



19 

an account of this generous stewardship, there have never 
been lacking those who would bring before you the achieve- 
ments of the year as justifying the hopes that have been 
raised, and would unveil new visions of hopes for the future. 

I, therefore, as I said, glanced over the addresses of recent 
speakers before you, to see if any point of secondary interest 
had been overlooked, or slightly touched, to which I might 
call attention. The result was such as to fill me with dismay. 
But nevertheless I modestly launch my craft on the critical sea 
before me, and trust to favoring gales to transport me to the 
shores safely beyond. I find that the advantages of an art-school 
as a centre of sesthetic culture, and as a means of educating 
the whole community, have been most forcibly urged ; while 
language, no less happy, has depicted the moral benefits re- 
sulting from a diff'usion of art education and the expansion of 
the domestic virtues under its beneficent light. Stress has been 
laid upon the opportunities afforded by such a school for 
bringing to light genius that might otherwise have been 
wasted in vain struggles, and perished without ever attaining 
recognition. The fact, that by means of art new value is given 
to many branches of manufacture,increasing thereby the wealth 
of the world, has been clearly brought out, and it is also 
shown that new fields of employment are opened by it, of 
the most ennobling kind, not only to the few who design, but 
to the many who execute, enhancing thereby the prosperity 
of the world. 

And it has been shown that all this goes on in an ever in- 
creasing ratio, the presence of art begetting the taste for art, 
and one art and one craft leading to another. 

Furthermore, that no susceptibility might be left unap- 
pealed to, hideousness of pre-artistic Baltimore has been 
painted for us with the gloomy shades of a Rembrandt and the 
biting sarcasm of a Hogarth ; and we have been admonished 
how very far even the Baltimore of to-day (which some of 
us are benighted enough to think not uncomely) falls below 
the Baltimore that might be, if we willed to have it so. And 
here bright fancy stepped in and tinted with rainbow hues a 
future, when our parks and squares will be so many gardens of 



20 

enchantment; when every house will be a house beautiful^ 
and every street an avenue to Paradise; when the basin 
shall rival " Sweet Saint Mary's Lake '' in lirapid purity, and 
in beauty, Jones' Falls will vie with the soft Bendemeer. 

Thus have my predecessors piled high their wains with 
golden sheaves, leaving me but the humble task of the gleaner^ 
who accounts it good fortune if he can but pick up here and 
there an ear that harvesters have overlooked. 

Explain it how we may, or excuse it how we may, the fact 
remains that down to recent times, art and its relations to life 
have not been understood in America. Of course there have 
been, even from colonial times, those who eiideavor by prac- 
tice or by precept to enlighten the public in this respect ; but 
they were voices in the wilderness, unheard or unregarded. 
All arts, crafts and callings that pertained to the body, to feed- 
ing, clothing and housing it, these and their dependent voca- 
tions were deemed " practical," and hence held in high honor, 
and were carried to great and manifold perfection. A certain 
grudging recognition was given to portrait painting, imper- 
sonated, to the rural mind, in a rather seedy variety of the 
genus tramp, who meandered through the country, with 
brushes and canvas in the pleasant summer time, and whose 
portraits still, from the walls of many an ancient farm-house, 
stare in stony stolidity upon their gratified descendants. Who 
among you has not smiled at these stately daubs i 

Of decoration, too, they had some rudimentary idea, even 
in the most retired depths of the rural districts ; and white- 
washed trunks of trees, ingenious patterns in clam-shells, or 
flower beds. bordered with the conchs of the Antilles, were 
sure tokens of the refining and idealizing presence of woman. 
A few simple canons of color had been laid down ; for instance 
that green Venetian shutters on a white house with red roof, 
formed a pleasing harmony ; and that, if the body of a wagon 
was painted blue, refined taste demanded that the wheels 
should be red. So much might be conceded to the graces and 
amenities of life, even by the most practical, but all, that 
went beyond this, was trifling and fantastic. That the paint- 
ing of a landscape, the modeling of a vase, or the designing 



21 

of an ornament could be the serious business of an earnest 
man, was what few could be brought to comprehend. 

For to comprehend it demands a fundamental change in 
the conception of life and its duties. It requires that we 
shall rise above the mere barbarian plane and gain a new 
horizon. If the Creator has made the world fair for us, and 
has given us the faculty of receiving liigh pleasure from lovely 
color and noble form, assuredly it was not with the intention 
that we should despise His gifts, and reject them as not worth 
our having. It was meant that we should accept these gifts 
with delight ; that the enjoyment of them should form a new 
and wonderful education for us ; and that the loving imitation 
of them might become a high moral training. For to man 
alone, so far as we know, has been given the power of enjoy- 
ing things that in no way minister to the physical life. For 
aught that we can see, human life might be as long and 
healthful if the sun rose and set in a shroud of monotonous 
gray, and the same might be true if there were no distinction 
in hue between the rose and soil from which it springs. They 
were made lovely, not for our use, but for our delight, that 
by that delight we might be lifted to a higher plane of 
spiritual being. Ruskin has said, " So far from art being 
immoral, little except art is moral, life without industry is 
guilt, and industry without art is brutality." 

And even now there is no general recognition of art by the 
American people, no eftbrt to place us, in this respect, on a 
level with other nations of the world. At the Paris Exhibi- 
tion of 1878, which I attented as a commissioner by appoint- 
ment of the President, we exhibited no sculpture, and the 
exhibit of painting was so meagre in quantity that it would 
have been less humiliating to our pride had there been none 
at all. We hold out no public honors, nor distinctions, to 
artists. Until very lately our art students had to go to Paris, 
or Pome, or Munich to study, and bring back a French, or an 
Italian, or a German style. 

Our literature has already passed through a similar ex- 
perience. It has had its time of neglect, then its time of 



22 

imitatioD, and, at last, it has emerged to honor, and to 
nationality. 

American literature has a recognized position in the world, 
while American art, as national and characteristic, can hardly 
be said to exist. It is not that we lack the men ; what we 
want are good schools and public appreciation and support. 
It is not enough that a good picture, or etching, or design 
should be sure of finding a purchaser — though even that 
would be much — but the artist should know that his fellow 
citizens could value his work, and were proud of it. 

One hears it said now and then that there is not, and can- 
not be, an original American school of art — at least until our 
young civilization has become mature. Art, we are told, be- 
longs to the resting period in the lives of nations, when they 
have reached their pi'ime, and are on the verge of decline. 
I am willing to admit that we have not yet reached our 
prime ; and if this view be correct, and the emergence of a 
school be the sign of decadence, long may it be ere we de- 
velop an original and characteristic American art. But a 
consolation is left us. At least we can become faithful copy- 
ists of nature. We have eyes that can be trained to see, and 
hands that can be taught to guide the brush or graver, or 
mould the plastic clay. The whole domain of landscape is 
ours — from the granite coasts of Maine to the tangled ham- 
mocks of Florida — and we have scenery that would have 
taxed even the magic pencil of Turner, when at the height of 
his Koyal Academician honors, in the kaleidoscopic wonders 
of the Yosemite Yalley, the Yellowstone, or the sculptured 
terraces of the Colorado. 

We can draw the human form and face. It is not for me 
to assign to portraiture its proper place in the hierarchy of 
art, but Mr. Ruskin has said with emphasis that "Art has 
never done more than this — to give the likeness of a noble 
human being." And he continues : " Not only so, but it very 
seldom does so much as this; and the best pictures that exist 
of the great schools are all portraits, or groups of portraits, 
often of very simple and nowise noble persons. It is well 
known that many of the famous Madonnas and children by 



23 

the old masters, to be seen in the picture galleries of Europe, 
representing the Virgin Mary, the Infant Jesus, and St. John, 
are the portraits, in many cases, of very plain people. 

We have the native, organic life around us — the birds and 
plants and flowers of our woods and fields. Whether we can 
do more than faithfully to copy them will depend upon our- 
selves. The Greeks developed an order of architecture from 
a common weed — the acanthus, and the Egyptians a national 
school of art from the reeds and lilies of the Nile. 

It may be that even faithful study and loving imitation of 
the beauty and grace around us will not suffice to develop an 
American school of art; but one thing is certain, that we 
shall never have one without it, and the course of training 
which is pursued in this and similar schools — training the eye 
to see and the hand to execute, awakening the faculties to 
perceive grace, and beauty of form and color — is the training 
which leads to it. 

I leave it to those who can speak with authority on such 
matters, to say how far w^e have already progressed in this 
direction. In one branch, certainly, a distinctively American 
school has arisen, and that is in the art of w^ood-engraving. 
Not only in delicacy and finish, but in what I may call imagina- 
tive efiect, American wood-engraving leads the world. The 
best work of the English, French, or Germans (so far as I have 
had opportunities of comparison) is coarse and weak com- 
pared to ours. It has developed itself within a generation, 
rapidly but naturally, as the bud opens into the flower. 

And about this art of wood-engraving, there are two things 
worth noticing : First, that it is eminently suited (at least 
so it seems to me) to be practiced by women. It is free from 
the drawbacks and inconveniences of other branches ; there 
are no cumbrous apparatus, no deleterious acids, no risks that 
the most careful work shall be ruined in the firing. It can 
be exercised in the pure air of the country as well as in town ; 
and requiring fineness and delicacy of touch with little mus- 
cular exertion, it is peculiarly suited to the female eye and 
hand. 



24 

And, secondly, nothing better exemplifies the fact that 
with the development of an art arises simultaneously a de- 
mand for its products. In no country is there such a pro- 
fusion of wood engravings as with us. Everything is illustrated, 
from the child's primer to the pretentious history, from the 
slight caricature in the afternoon paper to such finished works 
of art as those which adorn the pages of the Century. 

And this leads me to speak to a point which all will admit 
to be practical, and that is the commercial value of art. 
What we expend yearly on imported art-products is some- 
thing prodigious. It is not merely for paintings, engravings, 
and statuary, but for articles and commodities bought for 
their ornament, pattern or design, or to which, in some way, 
art has superadded a value. ISTow while the liberal indul- 
gence of this fancy for the possession of foreign art might 
have an unfavorable bearing on that perplexing question 
" the balance of trade," I know perfectly well that money's 
worth is just as valuable as money ; and though we pay heavy 
sums yearly for imported goods we are none the poorer, pro- 
vided we need the goods, can aftord to gratify our taste, and 
they are worth what we pay for them. But the point is this : 
if we encourage American designs, we shall produce American 
designers. By this we shall add, by so much, to the produc- 
tive powers of our country, and so much to its potential 
wealth. Putting all esthetic questions aside, and looking at 
the matter in the most prosaic light, let me ask, is the man 
who makes two blades of grass grow where only one grew, or 
he, who, out of a few logs of wood and lumps of iron makes 
a serviceable wagon, in any sense a more substantial producer 
than he, who, from a few ounces of paint and square inches 
of canvas produces a picture worth thousands, or from a 
lump of clay produces a peach-blow vase ? The designer of 
patterns for wall papers, carpets, or furniture, is a producer in 
the strictest sense of the word. And if it would be bad 
economy for us to weave no cloth because we can get it from 
Europe, so it is bad economy to go abroad for designs which 
we could produce at home. 



25 

England saw this at the International Exhibition of 1851. 
The English then learned that while in substantiality of pro- 
duct and in econonny of production they were ahead of the 
Continental nations, they were far behind them in all that 
lends attractiveness to manufacture. Their eyes were opened. 
Mr. Podsnap's delusion that sound old British ware was worth 
any quantity of foreign gimcracks, lost its hold upon the 
British mind. They saw that they were being fast distanced 
in the race, and they set to work to repair their neglect. The 
subject of art education was studied ; capitalists came for- 
ward, art schools were founded, and in a comparatively few 
years England took rank with the foremost of her rivals. 

The evidence of this is manifest to the world of refinement 
and art everywhere. For example, there is scarcely a richly 
appointed home in Baltimore that does not contain some 
specimens of artistic porcelain from the Royal Porcelain 
Works at Worcester, or the renowned China Works of Min- 
ton at Stoke-upon-Trent, and also objects of faience of the 
celebrated Crown-Derby, Copeland and Wedgwood varieties. 
And in the matter of dinner table ware of the most expensive 
kind, let me say, what many of you already know, that the 
productions of the famous porcelain works of England are 
rapidly supplanting, in many varieties, the marvelous china 
of Sevres and Dresden in the uses and admiration of the re- 
fined world. As an indication of the height to w^hich the 
art of design and execution has been carried in the decoration 
of English table ware, I need not do more than state that 
I saw in the exhibit of the Eoyal Porcelain Works at the 
Paris Exposition of 1878, two dozen dinner table plates that 
were sold to the Prince of Wales for eighteen hundred dollars. 

So long as we were content to remain a people of farmers, 
and so long as the ocean was only traversed by sails, this mat- 
ter was of less consequence to us ; but now, with our rapidly 
increasing population, with the phenomenal growth of our 
large cities, our manufactures are rising into ever-increasing 
importance, and with steam transit all the great markets of 
the world are brought to our door. It is not by trying to 



26 

shnt out the manufactures of other nations that we shall 
remedy our defects, but by improving our own. 

Let me cite here a few words from the report of Commis- 
sioner Howard on the Paris Exposition of 1878: 

" The most formidable danger which now threatens us from 
abroad is the great and commendable energy with which our 
rivals are urging and extending their system of special educa- 
tion." And, after specifying a number of instances, he con- 
tinues : 

"I desire to place upon record my unhesitating conviction 
that special trade and art schools have become one of the 
paramount necessities in nations whose prosperity is largely 
dependent upon handicraft. It has been said that the Yankee 
character is so apt, acute and inventive, that the adjuncts, 
drill and training, which are requisite in some of the Old 
World communities, are not needed here. To adopt this view 
as a rule of action would be a sad mistake. The American 
may not need the incentive of school discipline, but he does 
require, and the near future will demonstrate that he must 
have, the thorough knowledge and methods of systematic 
training. Even now our textile industries are suffering by 
means of our lack in this respect. In mechanical expedients 
to cheapen production no nation is so fertile as ours, but in 
the higher and more intellectual elements we are sadly want- 
ing. In the invention of contrivances of a merely mechanical 
character we distance the world, both in quantity and quality, 
but when it comes to aesthetic designs, where beauty and 
gracefulness unite in the formation of attractive wares, it is 
our highest ambition to steal. An intelligent French manu- 
facturer remarked to me (I am still quoting Mr. Howard), 
' We furnish the brains for the world in the matter of manu- 
facturing. We mean to lead in the invention and composi- 
tion of designs and styles. We expect you Americans to use 
them after we have thrown them aside. You are welcome to 
them then, as we shall have made our profit out of them be- 
fore you can introduce them.' " 

And the Commissioner goes on to show that other European* 
nations, by their schools of art and design, are preparing to^ 



27 

contest the supremacy of France in this respect. America 
alone lags behind. Yon may ask me how is this state of things 
to be amended ? Well a full answer to that question could 
only be given after ripe reflection, and by one having au- 
thority to speak on the subject ; certainly not by the present 
speaker. But I will tell you how it is not to be done. It 
is not to be done by sitting still and saying, " the govern- 
ment ought to do something." It is not to be done by saying 
somebody ought to do something. It is not to be done by 
saying — as some degenerate Baltimoreans are not ashamed 
to say — " Oh, Baltimore is a little one-horse place; we must 
look to New York or to Boston." " Your lot is cast in Sparta; 
adorn tliatP 

Something will be done if our wealthy citizens, following 
the generous examples already set them,- will form collections 
of paintings, sculpture, engravings, and other works of art, 
to which the public can have access ; and if they will be (as 
some have been) the generous patrons and fosterers of native 
talent and genius, whenever discovered; and if they will en- 
courage and support such earnest, faithful endeavors as that 
of this excellent school, and the worthy institution of which 
it is a part. Yes, then something may be done. 

It often happens that things in themselves good, have seri- 
ous drawbacks in practice ; that we have to consider them 
under various aspects and balance conflicting expediences. 
A public good may work a private wrong ; a benefit to one 
class may be an injury to another. Well-meant charity may 
demoralize. A praise-worthy economy may cause distress. 

Some of our worthy fellow-citizens have expressed doubts 
whether our present system of public school education was 
in all respects the best adapted to the needs of our youth. 
On this important question it is not my present business to 
express any opinion, as to where and how improvements could 
be introduced, even if they should be needed ; but, with re- 
spect to the institution in whose behalf I am now speaking, 
there is no room for apprehension or doubt. In whatever 
aspect we consider it, and whether we look at the immediate 
services it is rendering, or the far wider and more important 



28 

services that it might render, if its abilities and scope were 
enlarged, it appears to me that nothing can come from it but 
good — good to those who attend its classes and avail them- 
selves of its advantages, and good to the whole community in 
the influences that radiate from it. 

Now, my friends, my little craft which I launched before 
you with great misgivings, has reached the end of its intended 
voyage over the sea of art and design. I am frank enough 
to say that it was accomplished with some labor to the inex- 
perienced pilot who stands at the helm to-night. If you, who 
have honored me with your forbearing companionship on this 
venturesome transit, are even slightly pleased with the faint 
glimpses of artistic scenery which you have caught, or have 
picked up a single floating flower on the way, I shall feel 
sufliciently rewarded for the time and study which I have 
expended on it. 

I now take leave of the subject for the present, with the 
expression of my admiration of the work which has been per- 
formed by this clever graduating class of the Schools of Art 
and Design of the Maryland Institute which I had the plea- 
sure of examining three weeks ago. To this commendation 
I will add the confession of my faith in the competency of-^its 
teachers, and in the efficiency of its officers, adding thereto 
my best wishes for its continuing and increasing success. 



ADDRE^SS 



GEORGE R, SKILLMAN, ESQ„ 



DELIVERED AT THE 



-^./INNimL COMMENCEMENTS 



iCOMMERCIAL DEPARTMEHT!^ 



MAKYLAND INSTITUTE, 



June 1st, 1886. 



31 



^f^ ID ID IS E S S. 



Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I am requested 
by the committee to make a talk of say ten or fifteen min- 
utes to tlie Commercial Class of the Maryland Institute. 

I take it that the committee, in limiting the time, thought 
•either that the necessary matter could be covered in that 
period of time, or that the subject, following so close upon 
the remarks of His Honor the Mayor, on the interesting 
theme of art, would be a very dry one and that perhaps it 
would be better to cut it short. 

To my mind (and I think the business men generally will 
agree with me) the subject of book-keeping, commercial calcu- 
lations and business training, is not only not a dull, dry 
subject to talk about, but an exceedingly lively, interesting, 
and sometimes really exciting one. I am not quite sure that 
the Commercial Class of the Maryland Institute is not as 
much of an art school as the department in which is taught 
the making of beautiful pictures and designs in mechanical 
and architectural drawing. 

I do not know of a more interesting picture than a balance- 
sheet, drawn by a competent book-keeper, from a merchant's 
ledger, when the balance is on the right side. It is true the 
balance is sometimes on the other side, but then we would 
not consider the picture as interesting, and probably would not 
care to put it on public exhibition. I look upon the science 
of book-keeping as upon a compass to a ship. A ship may 
be perfect in every detail, with masts, spars, rigging, sails or 
steam, and be freighted with a valuable cargo of merchan- 
dise — or perhaps souls — and, without a compass, she would in 
all human probability sooner or later be dashed to pieces 
upon the rocks. 



32 

So with a business man. He may have his fine warehouses 
or factory, have a large stock of goods, thoroughly equipped 
for business, send out his salesmen to all parts of the country, 
and yet not have a correct system of keeping his books and 
accounts, and sooner or later, in ninety-nine times out of one 
hundred, he will be destroyed as a business man. 

To you, young gentlemen of the graduating class of the 
Commercial department, I want to remind you that you have 
only learned the theory of the science of accounts. You are 
now to put this theory into pratice. 

Althought the business of keeping books is extremely easy, 
yet the adaptation of the principle of double entry, to exten- 
sive and complicated transactions, so as to receive the full 
benefit of the system, is a process which requires the most 
complete knowledge, not only of the theoretical and practical, 
but of the science of book-keeping. Book-keeping, like all 
other arts, can only be mastered by industry, perseverance 
and attention. The young man who wants to be perfect in 
the art, and excel, must think for himself, and endeavor to 
understand the lohy and loherefore of all that he does, 
instead of resting satisfied with what he may have been 
taught at school. You have been taught certain rules in re- 
lation to the system of accounts. If you have been attentive 
to the instructions you have received and will call into exer- 
cise your reasoning powers and memory, a,nd are the masters 
and not the slaves of the rules taught you, you will experi^ 
ence no difiiculty in unraveling or adjusting any set of ac- 
counts however complicated or diversified. 

If on the other hand you have merely committed the rules 
to memory, without knowing the why and wherefore, or have 
attended to your studies in a perfunctory manner, and do not 
now put your whole heart in the work, let me assure you, 
you will never occupy a position at the top of the ladder as 
an accountant. I knew a man a few years ago, a member of 
a business firm, who concluded to go to one of the commercial 
schools and learn book-keeping, so as to get rid of the ex- 
pense of his book-keeper. I think he did just the right thing 
to learn the science, but think his object a mean one, as the 



33 

firm were abundantly able to pay for the services of a com- 
petent man. Well, in the course of time, he graduated, dis- 
charged his book-keeper and proceeded to attend to this duty 
in person. In a few weeks he found he was a complete slave 
to the rules he had been taught and not their master. The 
result was he could not master his own books, the old clerk 
was re-employed and I think more fully appreciated. Now I 
know that the fault was not with the school, it was entirely 
his own, and he acknowledged as much himself. 

It is of just such cases as this that I wish to warn you. If 
you intend to follow the science of book-keeping for a liveli- 
hood, or intend to keep your own books and accounts, let me 
advise you : First — to write a plain hand ; all business writing, 
particularly book-keeping, should be so plain that it may be 
read at a glance, and not two or three times in order to de- 
cipher, as you would hieroglyphics. Avoid flourishes and all 
attempts at ornamentation ; all these are very well in fancy 
writing, but they are entirely out of place in books and ac- 
counts. Second — be careful in both spelling and figures; 
remember figures will not lie if you do them justice ; a mis-^ 
take of one cent in a set of books of large magnitude may 
cause you days or perhaps weeks of labor in getting off" a 
balance sheet. Do it right at first, and then when you add 
up your long row of columns, debits and credits will agree. 
Third— endeavor to increase your knowledge of commercial 
arithmetic ; remember that having a thorough knowledge 
of all the rules of book-keeping, writing a nice, legible hand 
and plain figures, will not make you a thorough book-keeper, 
unless you also have a thorough knowledge of commercial 
arithmetic. 

I would recommend you to purchase one of the many edi- 
tions of this science now published. 

A thorough knowledge of arithmetic will save much labor, 
and without this knowledge you will only be a plodder at 
best. Strive to reach the top round of the ladder ; there are 
plenty of book-keepers such as I described in the gentleman 
who thought he had learned the sciene, but comparately few 
unemployed who are masters of their business. 
3 



34 

I do not want you to think for one moment that I am in 
any way reflecting on your capacity as book-keepers and ac- 
countants, or having the ability to enter a business establish- 
ment, and satisfactorily perform the duties of the position. 
I know that the examining committee would, under no cir- 
cumstances, consent to the graduating of any pupil who was 
not thought to be thoroughly competent, and who had not 
honestly earned the diplomas you are to receive to-night. 

To receive a diploma from the Maryland Institute in any 
of its departments means close application — honest, hard 
work, and a thoroughness in the branches learned. I think 
the small number of graduates, considering the large number 
of pupils, conclusive proof of this statement. 

You young gentlemen who are about to go out into the 
business world have no doubt, each of you, an object in view. 
Tou expect to fill certain positions or engage in business 
suited to your tastes, and not one of you but has a reasonable 
hope of success. 

I know it is natural that you should feel elated at the suc- 
cessful termination of your studies; and justly so; but permit 
me to say to you — if you would be successful in the pursuit 
of your choice, whatever it may be, you must be energetic — 
earnest — prompt — and if you would have a clear conscience 
(and I hold no man can be truly successful who has not) you 
must be temperate, virtuous and just. Kemember that 
" Character is better than gold." It gives the poor man credit, 
position, the esteem of employers, and is often the foundation 
of great fortune. 

Be true men^ and if you do not succeed in gaining worldly 
riches, you will at least be God''s noblemen. 

A word, Mr. President, to our friends in the audience. Did 
it ever occur to you that many of the failures in business, and 
the want of success on the part of many of our young men — 
and women too — was owing to the fact that they were entirely 
ignorant of the science of book-keeping and the system of 
accounts. Yet such is the fact. Many of the business failures 
of our country, and not a few in our own city, can be traced 
to the fact that the principals did not understand the science 



of book-keeping an}- more than an infant understands the 
science of astronomy. I would advise every parent who con- 
template putting their sons into any kind of business, whether 
it be mechanical, manufacturing, merchandising, or even ar- 
tistical, to first educate him in the science of accounts. No 
man should engage in any kind of business who does not 
thoroughly understand the keeping of his own books. If he 
does, he is at the mercy of others who may or may not be com- 
petent and reliable. 

The keeping of accounts is a wonderful discipline. It 
teaches carefulness, systematic economy, truthfulness. Show 
me a young man who keeps a regular account of all his per- 
sonal expenses, and I will show you a young man who is 
not extravagant— one who is sure to live within his incoiiie, 
and will not spend his money or his time in riotous living. 
You will find him, as a rule, accurate in all things. Take 
this young man into your employ, and you will find him to 
be truthful, and if you give him your cash account to keep, 
you may rely upon his keeping it correct to the cent. 

I know some business men do not attach the same impor- 
tance to having a thoroughly competent and reliable man to 
keep their accounts as I do, and for the very reason that they 
do not themselves understand the system. It is enough for 
them that they buy goods at a price and sell them at a profit; 
it does not occur to them that frequently the profits are more 
than swept away by expenses and bad debts, until it is too late 
and the sheriff steps in and takes what is left. The most 
profitable employee (in my opinion) a business man can have 
is a reliable and competent book-keeper. 

It is poor economy to employ incompetent ones, as they are 
dear at any price. If your business is too small to justify 
you in employing an accountant, and you are not thoroughly 
qualified yourself for the task, let me urge you to join the 
next Commercial Class of the Maryland Institute. Send 
your sons and daughters, too. 

I know of no position in life where this science may not be 
of value, and, if I had the power, I would make this branch 



36 

of science as thoroiigly taught in our schools as is grammar 
and arithmetic. 

We are living in a fast and wonderful age. Business is 
not now transacted as it was in the days of our fathers. We 
are not content to go along in the slow old fogy way of our 
ancestors, but must stretch out our arms to the remotest parts 
of the country, and even of the world. Instead of being 
content with small shops and with a half dozen employees, we 
must have monster establishments with all the modern appli- 
ances of steam and electricity, and employees by the hundred 
and thousands. 

We have been digging into the bowels of the earth for years 
to get our great heat and light producing power, and by rea- 
son of the black diamond we have been able to cross the At- 
lantic in six or seven days, and across the continent in about 
the same time. By reason of the same power we have been 
enabled to illuminate our houses and streets Uy simply turning 
a key connecting with the supply pipe ; and now, by aid of 
electricity, (generated by a power, that also owes its strength to 
the black diamond underneath the ground), it is possible 
to illuminate the entire city in an instant by simply turning 
a switch which will send the lightning through the wires. 
Only a little while ago we discovered that away down below 
the crust of the earth we can get our supply of heat and light 
by simply boring a hole in the ground and inserting a pipe 
and leading it where we will. 

In Pittsburg and other parts of Pennsylvania they melt 
their iron and steel, heat and light their houses and light 
their streets with hydrogen gas prepared for them in the ages 
long since past. 

Truly we are living in a wonderful age. God is moulding 
this earth to suit his divine will and plan. He is shaping 
everything for the benelit of his children, and gives us just 
what we need at the right time, and as we have the intelligence 
and capacity to receive it ; but he does everthing in order. 
Order is Heaven's first law, and if we would enjoy what he 
gives us, and profit by it, we must obey this law, and remem- 
ber that all we do, or undertake to do, must be done in accor- 
dance with this law. 



37 

No matter what our position in life, or what be the nature 
of an undertaking, whether it be obedience to our duties in 
the ranks or commanding an army; a sailor before the mast 
or the captain in command ; an artizan performing his daily 
task or a manufacturer employing hundreds or thousands of 
workmen ; the pupil in the school or the teacher who instructs, 
we must obey this law of order, and this means, that we must 
have something to act as a brake, a guide, a regulator, a re- 
cording index, to show us just where we are and keep us from 
error and danger, otherwise our steam boilers would blow up, 
our cars would come into collision on the track, our steamers 
and ships would run upon the rocks or be lost at sea. In 
other words, all would be chaos. How could it be possible 
for the world to move with the rapidity with which it does, 
and man bringing to his aid and making obedient to his will 
the pent up forces from beneath the earth, the explosive power 
of steam and chemicals of modern science, and even the elec- 
tric powers from the clouds above, without entire demoraliza- 
tion and destruction, were it not for this law of order. Now 
what we understand by this is the keeping of a record, accu- 
rate calculations, a history of what we do, a charging of what 
goes out and a crediting of what comes in, the science of 
keeping books and accounts. 

Now, in conclusion, let me repeat — there is no circumstance 
in life in which this science may not be of value to you, and 
that the Commercial School of the Maryland Institute offers 
to you every opportunity to qualify yourself in this branch 
of science. 

Let me advise you to avail yourselves of its benefits the 
coming season. Send your sons, send your daughters, send 
your wards, send your apprentices and office boys — the bene- 
fit they receive will be of great value and useful to them all 
their lives, and the expense to you comparatively small. If 
you will encourage us by doing this, I promise you the com- 
mittee will make the instruetion even more thorough than 
now (excellent as it is), and you will have the satisfaction of 
knowing, that you, at least, have endeavored to obey Heaven's 

first law — ORDER. 



(5K. 



^' 



^^VKND INSr/;; 



^7^. 



^ 



(« 



-■♦^FOR THE'^« 



PROMOTION OF THE MECHANIC ARTS, ] 



BAI^TIMORE), MD 



It 






h 



Schools of Art, Desifii and liidostrial Drawiiii, 



BOOK-KEEPING AND WRITING, 



9) 



•*-^-L I B R. ^f^ IS^-:-^<->- 



1886-87. 



••*"^^^-*^ ^^ vsv '" 



^ 



-^ICOMMITTEE!^- 

ON 

ov 

■ ^AET * AHD * DESIGHf 



JAMES H. BOND, Chairman, JOHN M. CARTER, Secretary^ 

JOHN L. LAWTON, WILLIAM H. PERKINS, 

ROBERT K. MARTIN, ERNEST HOEN, 

HARRY WALTERS. 



i^KACULTY^^ 



OTTO FUCHS, - - . - - - - - - Principal. 

WILLIAM S. ROBINSON, . . . . - Head Assistant. 

Assistants in Day Scliool 

Miss ADELAIDE C. PALMER, - - - Teacher of Oil Painting. 
Miss ANNIE C. VOLCK, ... - Teacher of Drawing. 

Assistants in Night Scliool. 

GEORGE B. WAY, 

H. D. A. HENNING, Y Free-Hand Division. 

J. W. STOWELL, 

GEORGE BEADENKOPF, - r ,, , . , ^. . . 

> MecJianuxd Division. 
HENRY ADAMS, 

A. B. McLaughlin. . , , ^ . 

_ , Architectural Division. 

W. G. KEIMIG, 



MARYLAND INSTITUTE 

Schools of Art and Industrial Drawing, 



-4il886-87l 



THE Board of Manngers of the Maryland Institute take pleasure in 
aonouncing the continued and growing success of its Schools of Art 
^,^ and Design, and in stating that they are constantly making valuable 
Y additions to their fine collection of casts, models, and other art studies, 
4"" sparing no pains or expense to increase the facilities for the study of 
Drawing, Painting in Water Color, Oil and on China and Sculpture 
in the Day School, as well as all bianches of Industrial Drawing in 
the Evening Classes. The attention of those desirous of studying Art 
is invited to these Schools, upon the guarantee that all instruction in the 
various departments is most thorough and systematic under the direction 
of Prof Otto Fuchs, late Principal of the Massachusetts Normal Art 
School, aided by an efficient corps of assistants in both Day and Evening 
Classes, and in consequence the Schools have gained a reputation for effi- 
ciency and thoroughness that has drawn many students from different 
parts of the Union to Baltimore for the purpose of studying Art and In- 
dustrial Drawing. 

OBJECT OF THE SCHOOLS. 

The object of these schools is to furnish the best and most thorough 
instruction in the various branches of Artistic and Industrial Drawing, 
Fainting and Mrdeling in Clay, to all persons desiring to study Art with a 
view of following the same professionally, as teachers, designers, decora- 
tors, or skilled artizans generally; also to give a liberal art education to 
those who -^ish to study art as an ficcomplishment, and for the enjoyment 
of its refining and elevating influences. 

There will be Day and Evening Classes open as follows, viz.: the Day 
Classes— Regular and Special— from October 4th, 1886, to May 2Sth, 1887, 
in which all branches of Drawing, Painting and Modeling are taught to 
students of both sexes. The Evening Classes are open from October 11th, 
1886, to March 18th, 1887. for the study of Free-hand. Mechanical and Archi- 
tectural Drawing, the different branches being taught in separate classes by 
experienced teachers, engaged prnctically in the arts which they teach. 
Designing and Decorating in the flat and round is made an impoHaut fea- 
ture in botli day and evening classes. 

N. B. Ladies are admitted to the Free-hand Division of the Evening^ 
School. 



4-i 



-^DAYf^CHOOLy^ 



ARRANGEMENT OF CLASSES. 

The classes will be so arranged as to meet the wants of 
students, according to the object and purpose for which they 
come to study, in the best possible manner. 

There are two classes of students, Regular and Special. 
Regular students are all those who desire to take the full 
course and attend regularly. Special students, those who 
cannot attend regularly and wish to study any special subject. 

ARRANGEMENT OF STUDIES. 

All regular studies will be carried on by classes, and lec- 
tures given at stated times. Special students have the priv- 
ilege of attending lectures given in the regular classes upon 
application to the Principal. 

SESSIONS. 

The Day Classes are open to students of both sexes daily, 
from 10 A. M. to 3 p. m., although students have the privilege 
of remaining for practice until 4 p. m. any school-day except 
Saturday, when the school will be closed at 2. 

I 
Conditions of Admission to the Day Classes. 

Application for admission may be niade in person or in 
writing to the Actuary, stating name, age, residence, whether 
the candidate desires to enter as a regular or special student; 
if special, what particular subject it is desired to study. 



43 

REGULAR COURSE. 

The regular full course of Study in the Day School covers three to four 
years, and includes Model and Object Drawing in Outline. Perspective, 
Drawing from the Antique and from Life in Charcoal, Painting in Water 
Colors and Oil and Modeling in Clay, and is divided as follows: 

FIRST YEAR. 
Elementary Drawing and Shading in Charcoal and Sepia. 

SECOND YEAR., 

Outline Drawing of Heads and Figures in Charcoal from Antique and 
Painting in Water Colors, Still-Life, Fruit, Flowers and Landscapes. 

THIRD YEAR. 

Drawing and Shading of Heads and Figures from Antique and Painting 
in Oil, Still-Life, Fruit, Floweis and Landscapes. 

FOURTH YEAR. 

Cl^^ss ID- 

Modeling in Clay, figure Drawing and Sketching from Life in Charcoal. 



The full course is arranged to cover four years, although no hindrance 
will be imposed upon those who can and wish to complete the same in 
three years. 

Fee for Regular Students. 

Annual Membership and Tuition for Regular Students for the > gr,o qq 
Session of eight months ) 

' Payable in Advance. 



44 
Class A. 

Elementary Drawing. 

Course of Studies and Certificate Works. 

, 1. Drawing in outline from geometric solids. 

2. Drawing in outline of ornament from cast. 

3. Drawing in outline, still life group, from objects. 

4. Drawing in outline, details of human figure, from cast. 

5. Drawing in outline of natural foliage, fiom a plant. 

6. Drawing from objects, shaded in charcoal. 

7. Drawing from objects, shaded with brush. 

8. Drawing of ornament from cast, shaded. 

9 Analysis of historic ornament, from cast, or approved example. 

10. An elementary design, within a geometric form. 

11. Analysis of a plant and applied designs. 

12. Geometry, plane and solid. 

13. Perspective, theory and applied. 

Note. A representative or certificate drawing of each of the above- 
named subjects, made in the best manner possible, on half imperial slieets, 
mounted on bristol board, 14 by 22, must be submitted by every regular 
student, and accepted by the Principal, before the student can take the 
examinations and graduate from class A to B. 

Examinations for Certificate. 

The above drawings having been submitted and approved, time examin- 
ations will be held at the end of the year in the following subjects: 

1. Model drawing in outline, from solids. 

2. Model drawing, shaded, from solids. 

3. Outline drawing, details of human figure from cast. 

4. Historical ornament. 

5. Geometrical drawing. 

6. Perspective problems. 

7. Elementary design. 

Test examinations will also be held at stated periods during the term, 
and an average of 66 per cent, must be obtained in order to admit the stu- 
dent to the final examination. 

Two drawings of each certificate set will be fielected by the Principal 
and retained as the property of the school. 



45 
Class B. 



Figure Drawing and Painting in Water Colors. 



Course of Studies and Certificate Works. 



Churcoal. 

1. Head from cast. 

2. Human figure from the antique. 

Water Color. 

3. Still life group from objects. 

4. Landscape from an approved example or from nature. 

5. Fruits, flowers and foliage from nature. 

6. Perspective. 

Ajyplied Designs, 

7. Design for textile fabric, wall paper or carpet, &q. 

8. Surface decoration of some object of ornament. 

Time Sketches. 

There will be two time sketch exercises per week ; one in charcoal, draw- 
ing from the cast; the other in water color, painting from still life, fruit 
and natural flowers. An average of 66 per cent, mugt be obtained to en- 
title the student to the final examination. 

A finished example of each of the above-named subjects, mounted on 
imperial board, " 22x28," must be submitted by every regular student, and 
accepted by the Principal, before the student can take the examinations 
and graduate from class B to C. 



Examinations for Certificate. 

Time examinations in the above subjects will be held at the end of the 
year. 

One drawing of each certificate set will be selected by the Principal and 
retained as the property of the school. 



46 



Class C. 



Painting in Oil and Drawing from Antique in Charcoal. 



Course of Studies and Certificate Works. 



1. Head from cast, shaded. 

2. Figure from antique, phaded. 

3. Still life group from objects, in oil. 

4. Fruit or flowers from nature, in oil. 

5. Landscape from approved example, or nature, in oil. 

Time SkefcJies. 

There will be two time sketch exercises per week ; one in oil painting, 
the other in drawing from antique in charcoal. An average of 66 per 
cent, must be obtained to entitle the student to the final examinations. 



Examinations for Certificate. 

Time examinations in the above subjects will be held at the end of the 
year. 

One drawing or painting of each certificate set will be selected by the 
Principal and retained as the property of the school. 



4:7 



Class I>. 



Modeling in Clay, Drawing from Life and Designing 
in the Round. 



Course of Studies and Certificate Works. 



j}£odeliiig in Clay. 

1. Study of Ornament from Flat Design or Cast. 

2. Head from the Cast — Antique — in Bas-relief. 

3. Figure from the Cast — Antique— in Bas-relief. 

4. Portrait Head or Bust from Life in Bas-relief or Round, 

5. Original Design in Clay of a Tile, Rosette or Ornamental Panel. 

6. Portrait Head from Life, shaded in Charcoal. 

7. Figure from Life, shaded in Charcoal. 

Time SJ^-etcJies. 

There will be two time sketch exercises per week — one in modeling 
the other in figure drawing from life in charcoal. An average of 66 per 
cent, must be obtained to entitle the student to the final examinations. 



Examinations for Certificate. 

Time Examinations in the above subjects will be held at the end of the 
year. One cast or drawing of each certificate set will be selected by the 
Principal and retained as the property of the School. 



48 



CERTIFICATE WORKS. 

Certificate works are not allowed to be taken away from 
the school before the end of the year, except by special per- 
mission of the Principal ; nor are any certificate works 
returned until the entire set has been completed and accepted. 

\ GRADUATES. 

A certificate of graduation and proficiency will be awarded 
to students who have completed acceptably all the certificate 
works and passed all the examinations prescribed for Classes 
A, B, C, and D, and a premium certificate will be given to 
the graduate who has received the highest number of marks 
in all the certificate works of the four classes. 

POST-GRADUATES CLASS. 

Students who have graduated are invited to form a Post- 
Graduates Class, in which any branch of Art may be practiced 
at the option of the student. There will be no charge for 
tuition in this class (membership of the Institute only being 
required), and members of the class may be called upon from 
time to time to assist in teachinsr. 



49 



SPKCIAL CLASSES 



SCHOLASTIC YEAR. v 

The School year for Special Students is divided into three 
terms, as follows : 

First term from October 4, 1886, to December 18, 1886. 
Second term from December 20, 1886, to March 13, 1887. 
Third term from March 14, 1887, to May 28, 1887. 



TUITION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS. 

PER TERM. 

1. Elementary Drawing;, $ 5 00 

2. Advanced Drawing in Charcoal, 8 00 

3. Pointing in Water Colors, 10 00 

4. Painting in Oil, 15 00 

5. Painting on China, 15 00 

6. Modeling in Clay, ', . 15 00 



SATURDAY CLASSES. 

The school is open on Saturdays from 9.30 a. m. till 2. p. m., 
for the accommodation of youths of both sexes and adults who 
find it inconvenient to attend any other time. Special instruc- 
tion is given in all branches of Drawing and Painting by the 
regular Faculty, including a department for Normal instruc- 
tion to Teachers. Everything is done to make the Saturday 
classes attractive and instructive to all who attend them. 

Terms for Saturday pupils one-half the rates for special 
students. 

All students are required to be members of the Institute. 
The charge therefor, in the case of Special and Saturday stu- 
dents, in addition to tuition^ being $3.00 upon entering the 
first term, $2.03 if entering at the second term, and $1.00 if 
entering at the third term. 

All Fees are Paj^able in Advance. 



50 



E^VE^NING OLyA$$E;0. 



The Evening Classes are established for the express purpose 
of affording technical instruction to young men already en- 
gaged in or desiring to follow any occupation in which skill 
in either Free-hand or Instrumental Drawing will be found 
beneficial. To meet this important demand a corps of effi- 
cient teachers, who have had long practical experience in their 
profession as specialists, are employed, the work so systemized 
thac no time is wasted, and the most rapid yet substantial 
progress assured to all. 

Term. 

The term for the evening classes begins October 11th and 
continues every Monday, Wednesday and Friday evening un- 
til March 18th — five months. 

Arrangement of Classes. 

There are three general divisions : first. Free-hand ; second^ 
Mechanical ; third, Architectural Drawing ; each division 
having its elementary and advanced classes, and the full term 
in each division comprising three years. 

Admission to Evening Classes. 

Application for admission to the evening classes must be 
made the same as for the day school, and every applicant 
agree to attend regularly three evenings per week during the 
entire term. Sickness or other excusable causes for absence 
must be reported to the Principal. 

Annual membership and tuition for the session of five months. . . $6 00 
Payable in A<lvaiioe. 



51 



FREE-HAND DIVISION. 



'ourse of ^tudies and oertificate Works 



First Year. 

(On half imperial sheets, 13 >^ in. by 19 >^ in.) 

1-4. Drawing of Hues, planes and solids, from blackboard, sketches and 
objects. 

5. Drawing in outline of historic ornament, first from blackboard, sec- 
ond from cast. 

6. Drawing in outline of parts of human figure. 

7-8. Shading with stump, first from cartoons, second from objects. 
9. Geometry. 

10. Perspective. 

11. Geometrical designs. 

12. Design of conventionalized plant forms within a geometric figure. 

Second Year. 

(Certificate Drawings on half imperial sheets, 13/4 in. by 19K in.1 

1-2. Drawings of objects in outline. 
3-4. Perspective. 

5-7. Liglit and shade drawings from geometric solids. 
8-9. Light and shade drawings from objects. 
10. Design for decorating flat surface. 

Third Year. 

(Certificate works mounted on imperial sheets, 22 in. by 28 in.) 

1. Study of ornament from cast, shaded in charcoal. 

2. Study from still life group, shaded in charcoal. 

3. Head from antique in charcoal. 

4. Original design, applied to either surface or round. 



52 



MECHANICAL DIVISION. 



oourse of Studies and certificate Worlds. 



First Year. 

1-3. Geometrical problems, three sheets, from blackboard. 

4. Orthographic projection, from blackboard and models. 

5. Intersection of solids, from blackboird and mod^. 

6. Development of surfaces, from blackboard and models. 

7-9. Details of machinery, three sheets, from blackboard and models. 
10. Sketches and drawings of details of machinery, from measurement. 

Second Xear. 

1. Geometrical problems, from blackboard. 

2. Orthographic projection, from blackboard and models. 

3. Intersection of solids, from blackboard and models. 

4. Projection of screws, from blackboard. 

5-6. Pulleys and belts, from blackboard and models. 
7-8. Gear wheels plain and bevel, from blackboard and models. 
8. Sketches and drawings of machine details, from models. 

Note. All the first and second year drawings to be on half imperial 
sheets, 13^ by 19t inches. 

Third Yoar. 

The work in the third year class consists of making sketches and practi- 
cal working drawings, general plans and details of machinery. 

The certificate drawings must be not less than three, of which one must 
be a general plan of an engine or machine. 

Note. Certificate drawings of third year class to be on imperial sheets, 
19i by 27i inches. 



53 



ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION. 



'ourse of ©tudies and oertificate Worr? 



First Year. 

(On half imperial sheets, 13^ by 19X inches.) 

1-3. Geometricalrroblems— plane and solid — from blackboard and models. 
4-5. Mouldings jjjimber joints from models. 
6-8. Details of building construction, from blackboard and models. 
9. Plans of a building, from blackboard sketches. 
10. Elevation of a building, from blackboard sketches. 



Second Year. 

1-2. Structural details in wood and stone, from blackboard and models. 

6. Isometric projection, from blackboard. 

4. Construction of stairs— wood and stone. 

5. Plans of building, from blackboard sketches. 

G. Elevation of building, from blackboard sketches. 

7. Section of building, from blackboard and model. 

Third Year. 

Drawing plans, elevations, sections and designs, from sketches or data. 
The certificate drawings must be not less than three imperial sheets. 

. One drawing from each student in the evening schools may be selected 
by the Principal, to be retained as the property of the school. 



54 



EXAMINATIONS. 

The last week of the annual session will be devoted to 
examination exercises. Before entering any advanced class 
students must be qualified to the satisfaction of the Principal 
and have passed examinations in the previous year's course. 

Students in the Evening School will, after completion of 
all the CFrtificate works and passing examinations, receive a 
certificate of graduation, and those desiring to compete for 
the Peabody prizes must signify their intention to the Prin- 
cipal, at the begining of the term. 

PEABODY PRIZES. 

Prizes will be awarded to graduates of the Evening School, 
as formerly, in accordance with the provisions of the will of 
the late George Peabody, through whose liberality the Mana- 
gers are enabled to distribute $500 annually to the most 
meritorious graduates, by money premiums in sums not more 
than SlOO nor less than $50. 

POST-GRADUATES CLASS. 

In order to afibrd those who have graduated from the Even- 
ing School an opportunity to continue their studies beyond the 
regular course prescribed in the circular, a Post-Graduates 
class has been established in each of the three Divisions, open 
to all who have received their certificates; application for 
admission must be made to the Principal. There will be no 
charge for tuition in these clases (membership of the Institute 
only being required), but all Avho wish to join must agree to 
attend at least two evenings per week during the term. 

MATERIALS. 

Materials and instruments required by the students are to 
be provided at their own cost, and any damage done to prop- 
erty of the school by students must be made good by those 
causing it. 



55 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 

All regular students are required to be in their places and 
ready for work at the appointed time ; all passing in and out 
or about the building must be done in a quiet and orderly 
manner. 

Students must remain in their places and not engage in con- 
versation during school hours. 

There will be a recess from 12 m. to 12.30 p. m., in the Day 
School, for lunch and recreation. 

No drawings are allowed to be taken from the building 
before the end of the term, except by permission of the Prin- 
cipal. 

Regular students absent from the school three times in 
succession, without notice or excuse, will lose their places, and 
can be reinstated only by the Principal, to whom application 
must be made for re-admission. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

Membership, per annum, from September 1 to August 31. .$ 3 00 

Male Life Members 25 00 

Female Life Members 10 00 

All pupils of the schools must be members of the Insti- 
tute. The Membership Ticket entitles a member to the free 
use of Library, and the privilege of entering the schools on 
payment of the tuition fees, and is not transferable. 

JOS. M. GUSHING, President. , 
JAMES H. BOND, Chairman of Committee. 

OTTO FUCHS, Principal. 

On all business with the Institute apply to or address 

GEORGE L. McCAHAN, 

Actuary, 



5G 



Graduates of the Schools of Art and Design. 



DAY SCHOOL. 



BarringtOD, Miss Kittie 1873 

Brown, Miss Hattie B 1873 

Beeliler, Miss CM 1874 

Burr, Miss Kate 1874 

Baugbman, Miss Jennie 1875 

Berscli, Miss Carrie L 1886 

Creger, Miss Lannie V 1873 

Curtis, Mrs. Mary E 1873 

Councilman, Miss A. M 1874 

Camper, Miss Raguenia 1876 

Davis, Miss Roberta 1873 

Eareckson, Miss Delia 1874 

Farquhar, Miss Hattie M 1874 

Groneburg, Miss M. Helen 1876 

Gray, Miss Affa 1885 

Cover, Miss Mary G 1885 

Gundry, Miss Mattie 1886 

Hays, Miss Katie 1874 

Hendron, Miss Eugenia B 1875 

Hergenroder, Miss Amelia. . . .1875 
Hoopcs, Miss Florence L 1886 

Keefer, Miss Nora. 1874 

Key worth, Miss L. A 1876 

Keller, Mrs. Inez R 1885 

Kleyensteuber, Miss J. Louise 1886 



Lang, Miss Lina E 1874 

Massey, Miss Emilie T 1873 

Makibbia, Miss Bettie M 1878 

Middleton, Miss M. Bel'e 1874 

Meyer, Miss Ellen C . . .1874 

Mann, -Miss S. E 1875 

Murray, Miss Elizabeth B 1885 

Osbourn, Miss Eugenia H 1886 

Pool, Miss Lina 1874 

Potter, Elmer V 1886 

Russell, Miss Mary. 1885 

Spencer, Miss E. J 1873 

Schoenhals, Louis 1876 

Smith, Miss Agnes M 1879 

S wanu, Miss Alice M 1879 

Scbaefer, Miss Matilda 1885 

Stebbins, Miss Helen F 1886 

Tudor, Miss Sallie M 1876 

Villiant, Miss Nannie 1875 

Worthiugton, Miss Hester 1875 

Willis, Mrs. Annie E 1876 

Wampler, Miss J. C 1876 

Webb, Charles H ' 1885 

Wassam, George E 1886 



57 



Graduates of the Schools of Art and Design. 



NIGHT SCHOOL. 



* Armiger, Robert B 1859 

*Albrecbt, George 1865 

*Ambrust, Jobn 1870 

Abrling, G. D 1876 

Abrams. Jr., A.J 1876 

*Adler, Julius 1878 

Audoun, F. P 1879 

*Adt, A. W 1881 

*Andrew3, George W 1886 

*Boettner, Robert F 1859 

*Bucher, Charles T 1862 

*Bentley, Johu E 1863 

*Buclier, George A 1863 

*Barry, John S..... 1863 

*Breeiin, E. F 1863 

*Bennett, William H 1864 

*Brown, Walter S 1865 

*Bayley, William M 1865 

*Beecher, William N 1865 

Berger, George H 1866 

^Barker, Lewis R 1867 

*Busey, William T 1868 

*Bucker, Lewis A 1868 

*Beck,JohnM 1870 

*Beecher, Frederick 1874 

*Brown, Frank S. ........ . . .1875 

Balderston.O. H 1875 

Biggins, W. R 1875 

Beadenkopf, George 1877 

Burns, William 1877 

*Burk, George W 1883 

*Bunnecke, EI. G 1884 

Brosius, S. Glenn 1884 

Butler, J. Clifton. 1884 

fBadger, Augustine P 1885 

Coleman, C. C 1857 

*Caldwell, Jr., William Q. . . 1858 

Chase, Isaac 1858 

Coulter, John M 1860 

*Copper, Samuel R 1802 

*Peat)ody Premium. 



*Clarkson, E. C 1864 

*Cooke, John T 1866 

*Corbett, John W 1868 

*Cross, John C . . .1869 

*Cochran, J. E 1872 

*Carter, H. M 1873 

* Jarr, Adam R 1875 

Comegys, Charles L 1881 

Connor, W. Perot. , 1882 

Cunningham, J. Southern... .1884 

Carstens, Frederick C 1885 

Carper, Albert A 1886 

*Clarson, Augustus E 1886 

Curtis, John E 1886 

*Dushane, John T 1858 

Dushane, George H 1858 

*Dumbolton, George 1859 

*Dieterich, Louis P 1861 

*Davis, F. E 1862 

*Dorr, Edw. F 1866 

^Dietrich, Ferdinand 1867 

Dewling, T. J 1876 

*Deibel, George 1877 

*Doerkson, Jacob L 1878 

*Dcngenhardt, Joseph R 1878 

*Daugherty, R. E. S 1879 

*Donnelly, Daniel A 1884 

Dunn, John B 1884 

*Diffenderfler, J. K. E 1885 

*Dashiell, Jr., Benjamin J. . .1886 

*Elmer, W. P 1885 

*Early, Thomas 1870 

Eckhardt, W. H 1870 

*Eisenliardt, William 1879 

Elenbrock, Lewis 1879 

*Eigenrang, Jr., F 1885 

Ellsler, George 1 885 

*Emmart, William W 1886 

tHonorable Mention. 



58 



Graduates of the Scliools of Art and Design. 



NIGHT SCHOOL. 



*Fales, Lawrence 1859 

*Ford, John D 1861 

*Foos, H. O 1864 

*Frazier, Charles E 1865 

*Frazier, W. J 1871 

*Fi&her,F 1872 

Foster, W. J 1872 

*Foescher, George 1874 

Frincke, Otto L. W 1877 

Frang, Herman W 1878 

*Forrest, Edwin 1879 

Fogler, James B 1 879 

*Fink, Charles 1882 

*Fink, J. W 1882 

fFox, Charles J 1885 

Green, George T 1859 

*George, Frederick A 1868 

*Gettier, J.F 1872 

*Gosnell, John S 1878 

Grindall, Albert J 1876 

Gale, J. M 1879 

*Griffin, H. K 1881 

*Goetze,W. A 1884 

Hess, Charles 1859 

*Hall, Henry 1860 

♦Henniug, Herman 1860 

*Hinks, Charles M 1861 

*Holtz, David 1862 

*Hngg, R.E 1864 

*Hamraens, M. Z 1869 

Hahneman, F 1869 

Harker, Charles E 1871 

*Herschmant, George C 1872 

*Heinz, J. G 1874 

Hay den, George E 1875 

Hildebrandt, W. P 1875 

*Horstmeier, John C 1 876 

Hoepner, T. B... 1876 

Hammen, J. H 1870 

*Hammen, G. H 1877 

Hetz, Robert 1877 

*Peabody Premium, 



*Haegerich, L 1881 

*Hall wig, Paul 1883 

*Heinmiller, Charles E 1883 

*Hoofnagle, W. T 1884 

*Hedian, J. B 1885 

Heiner, John J 1885 

Howard, William F 1886 

*Jenkins, Thomas W I860 

*Jonson, Julius 1861 

*Jones, C. Howard 1869 

*Johns, Jr., R. H 1869 

*Joice, Walter O 1870 

*Jeager, Fied '. 1871 

Jehnert, E. B. 1879 

*Jackson, W. Henry 1883 

Kugler, Thomas H 1858 

*Kahler, C. P. K I860 

^Kotfenberger, Henry 1860 

*Kuhne, Charles F 1864 

Knight, C. W 1869 

*Kong, Theodore F 1871 

*Kabernagle, W. H 1871 

*Koob, G. H 1871 

Kanne, Charles 1873 

Kong, Theodore 1873 

*King, F 1875 

*King, Ernest 1875 

*King, William H 1878 

Koestner, W. H 1879 

Kaiser, Fred 1884 

*Kohlman, Charles W 1885 

tKrebs, Clifton E 1886 

*Letournan, F. W. W 1858 

*Lewis, George T. R 1868 

*Lordeman, H 1873 

Lucker, R. H 1873 

Lyon, W. A 1875 

tHonorable Mention. 



59 



Graduates of the Scliools of Art and Design. 



NIGHT SCHOOL. 



*La8lraw, G. W 1877 

*Lang, William J 1879 

tLindsay, William E 1885 

tLittleton, Charles W 1886 

McComas, J. L 1857 

♦Maughlin, James W 1858 

*McCahan, George L 1858 

*Meakin, Joshua W 1859 

*McArdle, Harry A 1860 

*Michael, William C 1866 

*Maughlin. Jr., William W. . .1867 

*Mm-phy, R. D 1867 

*McPhail, James L 1867 

*Mogk, H. Oscar 1872 

*Murrill, James T 1873 

*Miller, Alexander 1873 

Miller, Frank 1874 

Michelman.C. H 1875 

Muster, Edward 1876 

*Mark9,T. M 1877 

Marx, J. D 1877 

McCauley, G. H 1877 

Milholland, W. R. 1877 

Morgan, Evan 1877 

Muncks, Lewis. 1877 

Murrill, John C 1877 

McManus, Edw. A 1879 

Minneman, B. F 1879 

*Meyer, EmilH 1881 

*Marley, Crawford 1832 

*McCormick, Charles 1883 

Moke, John S 1884 

*Muller, H. J 1885 

*Moore, George B 1885 

Martin, Theodore A 1885 

Merkel, Henry 1885 

tMorrow, Charles S 1885 

*Milburn, John H 1886 

*Neill, Thomas 1861 

*Newbauer, N 1875 

*Nicewaner, E. G 1884 

*Peabocly Premium. 



*Ohrenschall, F. A 1863 

*Oettinger, Emil 1876 

*Parker, Edward G ..1858 

*Purcell, George K 1861 

*Pollack, Alexander 1863 

*Palmer, W. P 1864 

*Preece, R. W 1864 

*Pollock, Abraham 1867 

* Parker, George E 1876 

Preston, George C 1886 

*Rogers, William F 1858 

Redding, William H.. 1858 

*Rosskamp, William 1«69 

*Rudiger, Gustavus 1870 

Rockstoroh, C. A 1871 

*Ryan, William R 1874 

Rogers, Albert H 1874 

Ruth, C. Frank 1876 

Riiz, H 1876 

*Renepp, T. R 1877 

*Rethman, Herman .1878 

Reilley, Joseph W 1878 

*Roberts, H.N 1879 

*Reynolds, Henry D 1879 

Rau, Daniel 1879 

*Radecke, John H 1882 

*Rost, Edward G ... 1884 

*Rippel, Henry 1885 

Smyth, William 1857 

Stewart, J. M 1857 

Shoemaker, E. B. S 1859 

*Sister, Thomas S 1861 

*Shorey, William F 1862 

*Storck, George. 1865 

*Savage, George 1866 

*Sheffield, William J 1867 

♦Smith, Walter W 1868 

*Shaw, W. A 1868 

tHonorable Mention. 



60 



Graduates of the Schools of Art and Design. 



NIGHT SCHOOL. 



*Schaub, Martin 1869 

*Search, Casper F. 1870 

*Schaum, Fred C... 1870 

*Smlth, Henry 1871 

Stoops, Lewis — 1871 

*Stone, Mason R 1872 

*Sbaw, William F 1873 

*ScIiloer, Fredericli 1874 

*Sclineider, Charles W 1874 

«Steck, Charles A 1875 

Sindall, John W 1875 

*Sunner, Joseph H 1876 

Schoolfield, C. S 1876 

*Stranley, G eorge C 1877 

Stack, Francis F 1877 

*Smith, Rae C ... 1878 

^Schmidt, F. A 1881 

*Schaefer, J. W 1831 

*Siemers, Henry F 1882 

*Sponsler, John H , 1883 

*Sack, Charles 1884 

*oandman, A. G 1885 

Schriver, William C 1885 

Schoberg, Joseph H 1885 

tSollers, James T 1885 

tStevens, Joseph D 1886 

*Sandlass, J. Henry 1886 

*Spicknall, Charles A 1886 

Trilley, Joseph 1858 

*Thomas, Philip W 1860 

*Tickner, Charles 1862 

*Turuer, Joseph 1863 

*Thomiz, John C 1866 

♦Turner, J. C 1871 



Turner, C. Y 1871 

Telleman,H 1873 

*Tegeler, W. E 1874 

*Thomas, Jr., Benjamin 1876 

Thomas, Benjamin 1879 

*Thompson, M. H 1881 

*Toennies, Joseph C 1883 

*Trippe, Frederick E 1884 

*Volkmar, Jr., Charles 1859 

*Vedltz, John H 1883 

Weber, William F 1857 

*Wamaling, Robert L 1859 

Wright, R. A 1859 

Weems, Edwin D 1860 

* Waite, Harrison 1862 

*Wheeler, W. H 1869 

* Waldman, H. C 1873 

Wortbington, George 1873 

*Wolpmann, Dietrich 1875 

*Witte, A.J 1876 

*Woodward, M. L 1876 

* Wheeler, R. W 1877 

Wagner, Ambrose 1877 

* Waltjen, Ernest A 1878 

* Walter, Charles L 1879 

*Walter,J.B 1885 

tWard, Clarence 1 1886 

*Watkins, Howard E 1886 

*Wachsman, William 1886 

Warrington, Jr., Lewis 1886 

White, Wallace D .1886 

tZiegler, Albert Lee 1885 



*Peabocly Premium. 



tHonorable Mention. 



61 



^126 Commepeial ^el70ol, 

For the Acquirement of a Practical Knowledge of 

Penmanship, Commercial Arithmetic and Book-Keeping 



Opens Tuesday, October 5, and continues every Tuesday and 
Thursday evening for six months. 



The Board of Managers would invite the attention of the patrons of the 
Institute desirous of studying the science of accounts, to the superior fa- 
cilities offered at very reasonable cost for the pursuit of that line of investi- 
gation in their Schools of Book keeping and Writing. 

These Schools have long been an established feature in their system of 
Education, and from year to year have been patronized with great advan- 
tage by large numbers of pupils who — lacking the time and means to 
attend special business colleges — would otherwise have been debarred in- 
struction in branches that are indispensable in all the varied avocations of 
life. 

The mechanic, as a rule, being moved by necessity, is in a manner com- 
pelled to devote all his time during the day to the acquirement of the 
knowledge and pursuit of his trade, and thus prevented from appropriating 
a portion of his time to the study of accounts. This leaves him only his 
leisure during the evening to devote to these studies. 

Whilst these facts are patent to those who are engaged in Mechanical 
pursuits, they are none the less applicable to those engaged in Commercial 
or Professional pursuits. Feeling that much benefit has been derived from 
these Schools, the Board of Managers will continue to foster them and ren- 
render them worthy of liberal patronage. 

Annual Membersliip and Tuition for the session of six months, - - - $10.00 
Including Text-Books and Stationery. 



62 



LiBie^^is^r 



MARYLAND INSTITUTE 



The Library contains a well-selected collection of over 
twenty thousand volumes of standard and miscellaneous lite- 
rature. It is especially rich in works relating to Architecture 
and the Mechanic Arts. The best works of fiction, biogra- 
phy, travel, poetry, &c., are being constantly added. The 
greater portion of the Library is circulating, and members 
have the privilege of borrowing the books and retaining them 
for two weeks. The Reading Room is open both day and 
evening, and is supplied with the most popular literary and 
scientific magazines of the day. The use of the Library is 
more than worth the annual membership fee. 



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